Acetylcholine receptors are responsible for binding acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter for signal transduction in CNS. They are localized in neuromuscular junctions. Antibodies against acetylcholine receptor are found in myasthenia gravis disease, whi

Acetylcholine receptors are responsible for binding acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter for signal transduction in CNS. They are localized in neuromuscular junctions. Antibodies against acetylcholine receptor are found in myasthenia gravis disease, whi

AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) is a compound that is a specific agonist for the AMPA receptor, where it mimics the effects of the neurotransmitter glutamate. In some epilepsies, antibodies to AMPA receptors leads to

Antibodies against Amphiphysin occur in patients with paraneoplastic variant Stiff person syndrome but can also be seen in autoimmune encephalitis. Antibodies against Amphiphysin are associated with breast cancer and small cell lung cancer. Neurologi

Antibodies against Amphiphysin occur in patients with paraneoplastic variant Stiff person syndrome but can also be seen in autoimmune encephalitis. Antibodies against Amphiphysin are associated with breast cancer and small cell lung cancer. Neurologi

Antibodies to aquaporin 4 constitute a sensitive and highly specific serum marker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that can facilitate the differential diagnosis of NMO and classic multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory demyelina

Antibodies to aquaporin 4 constitute a sensitive and highly specific serum marker of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) that can facilitate the differential diagnosis of NMO and classic multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory demyelina

The "Anti-Cerebellum" marker is a crucial test component designed to detect autoantibodies targeting the cerebellum, which is a part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, including posture, balance, coordination, an

Anti-Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibodies, including both IgG and IgA classes, are autoantibodies targeting the CASPR2 protein, a component of the voltage-gated potassium channel complex located in the nervous system. The presence

Anti-Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibodies of the IgM class are less commonly reported compared to their IgG counterparts but represent an important aspect of the immune response in certain autoimmune neurological disorders. CASPR2

Anti-CV2 antibodies, encompassing both IgG and IgA immunoglobulin classes, target a neuronal protein known as CRMP-5 (Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 5). These antibodies are typically associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS),

Anti CV2 antibodies are a group of antibodies that react with a 66 kd brain protein belonging to the family of CRMP proteins. The manifestations associated with anti CV2 antibodies include cerebellar degeneration, uveitis, and peripheral neuropathy,

The "Anti-Endothelin A Receptor" marker plays a critical role in the NeuralZoomer panel. Endothelin A receptor is a protein found on the surface of certain cells within the body and is involved in regulating various functions, including blo

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major structural protein of the glial intermediate filament of astrocytes that forms part of the cytoskeleton of mature astrocytes and other glial cells, but is not found outside the CNS. Anti-GFAP is pro

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major structural protein of the glial intermediate filament of astrocytes that forms part of the cytoskeleton of mature astrocytes and other glial cells, but is not found outside the CNS. Anti-GFAP is pro

Glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78) is a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promotes folding and assembly of proteins, controls the quality of proteins, and regulates ER stress signaling through Ca2+ binding to the ER. In tu

Glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78) is a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promotes folding and assembly of proteins, controls the quality of proteins, and regulates ER stress signaling through Ca2+ binding to the ER. In tu

Anti-glycine receptor (GlyR) antibodies, including IgG and IgA classes, are autoantibodies directed against the glycine receptor, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the central nervous system. The presence of these antibodies is most commo

Anti-glycine receptor (Anti-GlyR) antibodies of the IgM class are a type of autoantibody directed against glycine receptors in the central nervous system. Glycine receptors are crucial for the regulation of motor and sensory pathways due to their inh

Detection of ganglioside M1 (GM1) antibodies, usually of the IgM isotype, is associated with multi-focal motor neuropathy and lower motor neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. Multi-focal motor neuropathy may occur with or without

Detection of ganglioside M1 (GM1) antibodies, usually of the IgM isotype, is associated with multi-focal motor neuropathy and lower motor neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. Multi-focal motor neuropathy may occur with or without

GM2 ganglioside is a potential peripheral nerve antigen for neuropathy-associated autoantibodies. Anti-GM2 IgM antibodies have been reported in some patients with dysimmune neuropathy or lower motor neuron syndrome, in whom they were often associated

GM2 ganglioside is a potential peripheral nerve antigen for neuropathy-associated autoantibodies. Anti-GM2 IgM antibodies have been reported in some patients with dysimmune neuropathy or lower motor neuron syndrome, in whom they were often associated

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) is ubiquitous and contagious. As a neurotropic and neuroinvasive virus, HSV-1 persists in the body by beco

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen. →&nb

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen. →&nb

The "Anti-Hydroxytryptamine" marker is an important indicator used to assess the potential for neurological disorders. Hydroxytryptamine, more commonly known as serotonin, is a crucial neurotransmitter in the human brain, playing a pivotal

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a trans-membrane protein of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin (= an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves), involved in the process of myelinat

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a trans-membrane protein of both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin (= an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves), involved in the process of myelinat

Microglia are a type of macrophage located throughout the brain and spinal cord that act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS. These markers indicate a destruction of the blood brain barrier and are found to play a role in t

Microglia are a type of macrophage located throughout the brain and spinal cord that act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS. These markers indicate a destruction of the blood brain barrier and are found to play a role in t

Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is a single-pass transmembrane protein that has a critical role in signaling between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. Anti-MuSK is an important marker in patients without anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myast

Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is a single-pass transmembrane protein that has a critical role in signaling between motor neurons and skeletal muscle. Anti-MuSK is an important marker in patients without anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in myast

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the nervous system. Anti-Myelin basic protein is related to the risk for multiple sclerosis, autism, PANDAS/ANDAS/OCD, and systemic lupus eryt

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a protein believed to be important in the process of myelination of nerves in the nervous system. Anti-Myelin basic protein is related to the risk for multiple sclerosis, autism, PANDAS/ANDAS/OCD, and systemic lupus eryt

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein associated with the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein associated with the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). MOG is found in the myelin that insulates the nerves of the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of

Myelin proteolipid protein (= PLP) is the major membrane protein of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers and its expression is largely limited to oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the central n

Myelin proteolipid protein (= PLP) is the major membrane protein of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers and its expression is largely limited to oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the central n

Neurofascin (NF) is a cell adhesion molecule (= cell adhesion molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins that enable cells to bind together and attach to the extracellular matrix). NF is expressed in both the CNS and the peripheral nervous sys

Neurofascin (NF) is a cell adhesion molecule (= cell adhesion molecules are transmembrane glycoproteins that enable cells to bind together and attach to the extracellular matrix). NF is expressed in both the CNS and the peripheral nervous sys

Neuron specific enolase is a protein enzyme that is encoded by the ENO2 gene. It is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. Antibodies against neuron specific enolase are found in patients with optical neuropathies (= damage inflic

Neuron specific enolase is a protein enzyme that is encoded by the ENO2 gene. It is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. Antibodies against neuron specific enolase are found in patients with optical neuropathies (= damage inflic

Purkinje cells, or Purkinje neurons, are a class of GABAergic neurons located in the cerebellum. Purkinje cells are aligned like dominos stacked one in front of the other. Their large dendritic arbors form nearly two-dimensional layers through which

Anti recoverin antibodies are one of the key components of antibody disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). They have also been shown to be associated with retinopathy, which is characterized by impaired vision and photosensitivity.

Anti recoverin antibodies are one of the key components of antibody disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). They have also been shown to be associated with retinopathy, which is characterized by impaired vision and photosensitivity.

The presence of anti-Ri antibody identifies a subset of patients with paraneoplastic ataxia and eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) who usually suffer from breast or other gynecological cancer; the antibody when present is a useful marker for an unde

The presence of anti-Ri antibody identifies a subset of patients with paraneoplastic ataxia and eye movement disorders (opsoclonus) who usually suffer from breast or other gynecological cancer; the antibody when present is a useful marker for an unde

The S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury. Although S100B

The S100B is a calcium-binding peptide and is used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in many disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays important roles in normal CNS development and recovery after injury. Although S100B

The marker "Anti-Streptococcal A (IgG)" is a specialized test designed to detect the presence of IgG antibodies against Streptococcus A bacteria in the blood. Streptococcus A is a type of bacteria that can cause various infections, ranging

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH: This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease Alcoholic Liver Disease Demyelinating Disease Graves’ Disease Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Infectious agent exposure PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH: This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease Alcoholic Liver Disease Demyelinating Disease Graves’ Disease Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Infectious agent exposure PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells such as muscle, glial cells, and neurons. They are key transducers of membrane potential changes into intracellular Ca2+ transie

The marker "EBNA1 (IgG)" is a crucial indicator for assessing neurological health and potential autoimmune conditions affecting the nervous system. EBNA1 stands for Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1, and the IgG designation refers to Immunoglo

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) p18 IgG marker is a vital component of the NeuralZoomer Plus panel from Vibrant Wellness, designed to assess neurological health and the risk of autoimmunity. EBV, a widespread herpesvirus, infects most people at some poi

The marker "VCA gp125 (IgG)" is an important component of a comprehensive test that aims to detect potential neural autoimmunity, which can affect the nervous system and brain health. "VCA" stands for Viral Capsid Antigen, and &qu