Array 14 - Mucosal Immune Reactivity Screen
Serum
Performed by: Cyrex Laboratories
Array 14 - Multiple Mucosal Immune Reactivity Screen (Cyrex Laboratories) is a cost-effective, easy, and non-invasive method for measuring mucosal immune reaction to a range of exogenous and endogenous antigens.
The production of IgA and IgM antibodies against antigens in saliva may be an early stage in the induction of inflammation and autoimmunity. If the immune reactivity is not addressed and it may result in a breach of the intestinal barrier, followed by a systemic immune reaction. The inflammation of systemic autoantibodies contributes to the progression of autoimmune and neuroautoimmune reactivity.
Array 14 was developed based on the immunological occurrence that exposure to an antigen via the mouth and intestinal tract results first in the production of IgA antibodies in secretions. Repeated exposure to the same antigen(s) results in the production of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in the blood. The biomarkers in Array 14 were selected to give an invaluable picture of both likely antigens which may cause immune reactions and the areas they may effect. These include the following:
- Commonly consumed foods such as wheat, lectins, milk, soy, corn and egg
- Gut microbiota-associated toxins
- Toxic chemicals that contaminate food and form neoantigens with food proteins, such as aflatoxin, bisphenol-A and heavy metals
- Rotavirus, which is involved in GI inflammation and the induction of food immune reactivity and autoimmunity
- Tight junction/structural proteins involved in leaky gut and inflammation
- Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis biomarkers such as ASCA, ANCA and calprotectin
- Enzymes such as transglutaminase-2 that are involved in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity
- Enteric nerve/neural antigens such as myelin basic protein and S100B (BBB) because enteric nerve cells can be damaged by inflammation in the gut. Similar to CNS astrocytes, enteric glia cells express S100B, which is responsible for the maintenance of inflammation in the gut.
- Immune complexes can be formed by triggers such as bacterial antigens, viral antigens, mold antigens, xenobiotics, dietary components, and associated tissue antigens, which further contribute to the entry of antigens, immune complexes, or other inflammatory molecules into the submucosa, and then into circulation. Due to structural similarity between the intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB), these IgA + IgM antibodies, immune complexes and inflammatory signals can also affect the integrity of the BBB resulting in autoimmunity against nervous system tissues, both in the gut and the brain.
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Biomarkers included in this panel:
Gastrointestinal microfilaments of the Actomyosin Network are critical for apical junctional complex biogenesis and function. The apical junctional complex, made up in part by tight junction proteins zonulin and occludin, is responsible for preventin
Learn moreAflatoxins are organic chemical compounds produced by a polyketide pathway by many strains of the mold Aspergillus, Aspergillus flavus is a particular strain common contaminant in agricultural products such as wheat, peanuts and corn.
Learn moreKnown Cross-Reactions: A5-B3 glycinin of soy, cerebellar, gliadin The presence of salivary antibodies to a-Casein + b-Casein combined is an indication of loss of oral tolerance and onset of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known
Learn moreGliadin is a glycoprotein. It is an alcohol-soluble protein present in wheat and occurring in various forms (a-, g-, and w-gliadins). a-Gliadin-33-mer is produced by natural digestion processes. It is resistant to proteolytic degradation and stimulat
Learn moreSaccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA). It is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrop
Learn moreBisphenol A (BPA) is used to make polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins, along with other materials used to make plastics, including water bottles and other food and beverage containers. Paper products, most notably thermal receipt paper, have now
Learn moreThe blood brain barrier (BBB) is a physical barrier formed by the arrangement of endothelial cells and tight junctions that line the capillaries which supply blood to the brain. The tissue proteins of the BBB are also present in the enteric nervous s
Learn moreCalprotectin is an abundant neutrophil protein. It belongs to the family of S100 calcium binding proteins. Calprotectin is released from activated leukocytes during activation or cell death leading to increased concentrations in plasma, serum, spinal
Learn moreKnown Cross-Reactions: Cerebellar, Gliadin The presence of salivary antibodies to Casomorphin is an indication of loss of mucosal tolerance and the onset of food immune reactivity. The production of antibodies to Casomorphin may be indicative of a
Learn moreThe presence of salivary antibodies to Corn is an indication of loss of mucosal tolerance and the onset of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Adverse reactions to Corn hav
Learn moreThe presence of salivary antibodies to Egg is an indication of loss of mucosal tolerance and the onset of food immune reactivity. Egg antigen assessed consists of egg white, egg yolk both raw and cooked. The offending food and its known cross-reactiv
Learn moreGliadin is a glycoprotein. It is an alcohol-soluble protein present in wheat and occurring in various forms (a-, g-, and w-gliadins). g-Gliadins-15-mer are considered to be the most ancient of the gluten family. This group of gliadins works with glut
Learn moreGlutenin or Glutenine is a wheat protein that together with gliadin produces gluten. Glutenin gives firmness to bread dough during the kneading process by increasing the stability through a 3-dimensional network.
Learn moreGluteomorphin, also known as, Gliadorphin, is an opioid peptide formed from undigested Gliadin from gluten protein.
Learn moreAn immune complex is formed from the binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen and antibody act as a specific antigen. Immune complexes can be subject to any of a number of responses, which can lead to autoimmune reactivity. A
Learn moreLipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a molecule made up of a lipid and a polysaccharide. LPS is a component of the surface membrane of gram-negative bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract. Gram-negative bacteria include: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Sh
Learn moreMercury (Hg) is a heavy chemical element that is emitted to the air by human activities, such as manufacturing or burning coal for fuel, and from natural sources, such as volcanoes. It is deposited, via ecosystem transport, into lakes and oceans, whe
Learn moreMixed Heavy Metals (Nickel, Cobalt, Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic) are ubiquitous compounds found in soil, drinking water and food supply, and are not fully avoidable. However, certain exposures can be limited or controlled. These include the exposure of He
Learn moreMyelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune
Learn moreOccludin and Zonulin are proteins of the tight junctions found between epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These proteins are gate keepers of the body, allowing only small amino acid nutrients to pass into the blood stream. When tight junctio
Learn moreHuman rotaviruses belong to the family of Reoviridae. Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that is commonly associated with gastroenteritis in children. Known Cross-Reactions: Pollen allergen of Parietaria
Learn moreThe presence of salivary antibodies to Soy is an indication of loss of mucosal tolerance and the onset of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Soy allergy/intolerance is bec
Learn moreSIgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, sweat, colostrum, and secretions from the genitourinary tract, GI tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium. It is the most abundant class of antibodies found in th
Learn moreTransglutaminases are a family of enzymes. They form protein polymers, like scaffolding, which are vital in the formation of barriers and stable structures. The Transglutaminase found in the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the conversion of
Learn moreThe biological function of Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) in wheat is unknown, however, its suggested function is to protect against fungal infection due to its ability to bind to chitin-containing cell walls. WGA is a lectin protein that binds to N-ace
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