Wheat Germ Agglutinin IgA+IgM
The biological function of Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) in wheat is unknown, however, its suggested function is to protect against fungal infection due to its ability to bind to chitin-containing cell walls. WGA is a lectin protein that binds to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and is a binder of gram-positive bacteria via GlcNAc moies in the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.
Known Cross-Reactions: Lysozyme aka muramidase or N-acetylmurmamide glycanhydrolase
References:
de Punder and Pruimboom. The dietary intake of wheat and other cereal grains and their role in inflammation. Nutrients, 2013; 5(3):771-787.
Dalla Pellegrina, et al. Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on human gastrointestinal epithelium: insights from an experimental model of immune/epithelial cell interaction. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol, 2009; 237:146-153.
Kitano, et al. Detection of antibodies against wheat germ agglutinin bound glycoproteins on the islet-cell membrane. Diabetic Med, 2009; 5(2):139-144.
Mojibian, et al. Diabetes-specific HLA-DR-restricted proinflammatory T-cell response to wheat polypeptides in tissue transglutaminase antibody negative patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes, 2009; 58:1789-1796.
Pusztai, et al. Antinutritive effects of wheat-germ agglutinin and other N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Brit Nutri, 1993; 70:313-321.
Rüdiger and Gabius. Plant lectins: occurrence, biochemistry, functions and applications. Glycoconjugate, 2001; 18(8):589-613.
Sollid, et al. Antibodies to wheat germ agglutinin in coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol, 1986; 63:95-100.
Tchernychev and Wilchek. Natural human antibodies to dietary lectins. FEBS Lett, 1996; 397:139-142.
What does it mean if your Wheat Germ Agglutinin IgA+IgM result is too high?
The presence of salivary antibodies to Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) is an indication of a diet rich in agglutinins and loss of mucosal tolerance, the onset of food immune reactivity and the activation of complement via the lectin-binding pathway. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease) and/or Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus typically have high levels of serum IgG antibodies against WGA. Serum IgA antibodies against WGA are found in patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease), as well as other autoimmune disorders. Genetically susceptible people, prone to diabetes, have higher incidence of spontaneous Type 1 Diabetes when exposed to wheat antigens in association with a pro-inflammatory gastrointestinal environment.
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