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Semen analysis
A semen analysis measures the quantity and quality of both the liquid portion, called semen, and the microscopic moving cells called sperm. Semen is the turbid, whitish substance that is released from the penis during ejaculation. Sperm are the cells in semen with a head and a tail that enables them to travel to the egg. A typical semen analysis could measure: - the volume of semen - the macroscopic appearance - the semen viscosity (thickness) - sperm concentration, - total number of sperm - sperm motility (the percentage that are able to move, as well as how vigorously and straight the sperm move) - the number of normal and abnormal (defective) sperm - coagulation and liquefaction (the time it takes the semen to go from a gel to a liquid state) - fructose level (a sugar in semen) - pH (acidity) - the number of immature sperm, and - the number of white blood cells (cells that indicate infection).
View categorySensory Motor Neuropathy Complete Antibody Panel
Sensory-motor neuropathies may occur by various mechanisms. These include development of autoantibodies to neuronal structures such as myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibody, Hu antibody, and the ganglioside antibodies. Sensory-motor neuropathies may also occur via antibody cross-reactivity or local immune complex deposition as seen in autoimmune disease with primarily non-neuronal targets including Sjogren's syndrome (SSA/SSB), systemic lupus erythematosus and related conditions (ANA IFA), celiac disease (tTG antibody), vasculitis (ANCA), and immune complex deposition (cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor). Motor-sensory neuropathy may be associated with monoclonal gammopathy (serum immunofixation and serum immunoglobulins).
View categorySerum Antibody Testing for Mycotoxins
MyMycoLab is a laboratory specializing in blood serum antibody testing for mycotoxins. They offer testing for 12 different mycotoxins, measuring both IgG and IgE antibodies. This provides a comprehensive look at how the body is reacting to mycotoxins, either through a toxicological or allergic response. Mycotoxins and molds are often referred to as "The Great Masquerader" by the World Health Organization, as they mimic a wide range of illnesses and conditions, making them difficult to diagnose and treat. The first step in understanding whether you are affected by mycotoxins and molds is through testing. Molds are biological organisms, while mycotoxins are toxic substances, which are far more dangerous. A blood serum test is the most precise and accurate method for detecting your body’s reaction to mycotoxins, whether from toxicity or allergy. Toxin-producing molds are always present in water-damaged homes or workplaces.
View categorySerum Protein Electrophoresis (SPEP)
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a blood test that separates the proteins in serum into distinct fractions based on their electrical charge and size. The result is reported as a tracing with six regions: albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta-1 globulin, beta-2 globulin, and gamma globulin. Each region reflects different protein populations with distinct clinical significance, and the pattern of changes across all fractions together provides more diagnostic information than any individual value alone. What SPEP is used for: Detecting monoclonal proteins (M-spikes) — the hallmark finding in MGUS, smoldering myeloma, and multiple myeloma Evaluating unexplained changes in total protein or globulin levels Screening for polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic infection, autoimmune disease, or liver disease Interpreting individual protein fraction changes as part of inflammatory, nutritional, or immune workups Monitoring known plasma cell disorders over time How individual fractions are interpreted: Albumin is the dominant fraction and the primary marker of
View categorySexually transmitted disease
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, and syphilis. Some STDs can be passed from a pregnant person to the baby, either during pregnancy or when giving birth. Other ways that STDs may be spread include during breastfeeding, through blood transfusions, or by sharing needles. STDs don't always cause symptoms or may only cause mild symptoms. So it is possible to have an infection and not know it. And even without symptoms, STDs can still be harmful and may be passed on during sex.
View categorySexually Transmitted Disease (STD) panel
Clinical Pathology Laboratories (CPL) offers a comprehensive Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) panel, designed to detect various infections commonly transmitted through sexual contact. This panel typically includes tests for several key STDs such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and C, Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea. The tests used in the panel employ a combination of methodologies, including nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) tests, among others, to accurately identify the presence of these infections. HIV testing usually involves antibody/antigen tests to detect the virus itself or the body's response to it. Hepatitis B and C tests look for markers of these viruses in the blood, including antigens and antibodies, to indicate current or past infections. Syphilis is generally tested through serological assays to detect antibodies produced in response to the Treponema pallidum bacterium.
View categorySjogren's Antibodies
Sjögren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands. Sjögren's Syndrome can affect anyone at any age, but the majority of those afflicted are older than 40, and women are nine times more likely than men to have the disorder. It is estimated to be the second most common autoimmune disease, after lupus. Criteria for diagnosis include, for example, signs and symptoms and positive tests for ANA, anti-SSA and anti-SSB, and/or Rheumatoid factor (RF) as well as a positive salivary gland biopsy. anti-SSA antibodies are often found together with anti-SSB. However, anti-SSA antibodies alone are often found in lupus, particularly in limited forms of the disease. anti-SSA often appears before anti-SSB. Specific biomarkers to look at: SS-A (or Ro) and SS-B (or La): These are the marker antibodies for Sjögren's and the most common antibodies associated with Sjogren’s syndrome.
View categorySmall Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)
What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)? SIBO is the accumulation of excessive amount of gut bacteria in the small intestine (at least 100,000 bacteria per ml of fluid). While bacterium naturally exist throughout the digestive tract, with highest concentrations of bacteria in the colon, a healthy individual should have relatively low levels of bacteria present in the small intestine. Any condition which impairs the normal transit or motion of the small intestine can increase the likelihood of getting SIBO, including lack of adequate stomach acid, damage to the intestine by toxins, or a decrease in the speed at which the small intestine transfers waste to the colon. In the U.S., some research studies have demonstrated that up to 80% of the IBS population, or 36 million individuals, suffer from SIBO. What is the small bowel? The small bowel, also known as the small intestine, is the part of the gastrointestinal tract that connects the stomach with the colon. The main purpose of the small intestine is to digest and absorb food into the body.
View categorySmall Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 3 Hour
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is an increase in the number of bacteria and/or the presence of atypical microbiota in the small intestine. Gram-positive flora might be present due to failure of the gastric acid barrier, whereas the presence of colonic bacteria may be due to failure of intestinal clearance and small intestinal anatomical alterations. The bacteria in SIBO are mainly colonic type bacteria, and it is hypothesized that it is the retrograde bacterial migration from the large intestine into the small intestine that leads to symptoms. These organisms produce gases, including hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S). The bacteria commonly found in SIBO include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus mirabilis. The common methaneproducing organisms include archaea, such as Methanobrevibacter smithii, as well as bacteria, including certain Clostridium and Bacteroides species. There are many natural defense mechanisms against SIBO.
View categorySputum Culture, Bacterial
A sputum culture test is a laboratory analysis used to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that may be causing a respiratory tract infection. The test involves collecting a sample of sputum (mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract) and cultivating it in a lab to see what types of microorganisms grow. This helps in diagnosing infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, or tuberculosis. The results guide healthcare providers in choosing the most effective treatment, particularly in selecting the right antibiotics if a bacterial infection is identified. The test is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of respiratory infections.
View categorySterols, Plasma
Sterols, Plasma (GC/MS) Panel The Sterols, Plasma panel is a specialized blood test that measures cholesterol-related sterols and plant sterols to help evaluate how your body absorbs cholesterol, produces cholesterol, and processes related sterol compounds. This test is commonly used when a standard lipid panel (like LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides) doesn’t fully explain cardiovascular risk, treatment response, or suspected inherited sterol disorders. Unlike routine cholesterol testing, this panel provides deeper insight into cholesterol metabolism, including markers of cholesterol synthesis, intestinal absorption, and plant sterol exposure. Results may help clinicians personalize strategies such as dietary changes, cholesterol-lowering medications, and evaluation for rare metabolic conditions. What this panel measures This panel typically includes multiple sterols that fall into key metabolic categories: Cholesterol absorption markers These sterols can reflect how much cholesterol your body absorbs from the gut.
View categoryStoneRisk Diagnostic Profile
A stone risk profile is a panel of tests that assess the risk of kidney stone formation. The tests measure the levels of substances in the body that form and prevent stones. Kidney stones are small, pebble-like pieces of material that form in one or both of your kidneys. Kidney stones form when you have high levels of certain minerals or salts in your urine. Kidney stones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pea, and sometimes even larger. Very small stones may pass out of your body when you urinate. Larger or odd-shaped stones can get stuck inside your urinary tract and block the flow of urine. This may cause severe pain or bleeding, and you may need treatment to get rid of the stones. But with treatment, kidney stones usually don't cause permanent damage.
View categoryStool
In this category we look at digestion, absorbtion, gut immunology, gut metabolism, gut microbiology, beneficial bacteria and fecal fats.
View categorySystemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic, multisystem, heterogeneous autoimmune disease. Individuals with SSc have a mortality rate approximately 2.8 times that of the general population. In the United States, the incidence is approximately 15 cases per 100,000 person-years. The disease is characterized by inflammation, vasculopathy, and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. SSc is frequently referred to as scleroderma; however, scleroderma includes SSc and localized forms of scleroderma that affect only the skin. The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement.
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