Tickborne Diseases 2.0

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)

What is Babesia microti p32 – IgM? Babesia microti is a microscopic parasite that infects red blood cells and causes babesiosis, a malaria-like illness transmitted primarily by Ixodes scapularis ticks (also known as black-legged or deer ticks). This is the same tick species that spreads Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. The p32 – IgM test detects early immune response to a specific protein (p32) found on Babesia microti. IgM antibodies are typically the first antibodies your immune system produces after exposure to an infection, usually appearing within the first 1 to 2 weeks. Therefore, a positive or elevated result suggests a recent or active Babesia infection.

What is Babesia microti p41 – IgM? Babesia microti is a microscopic parasite that infects red blood cells and causes babesiosis, a tick-borne illness often compared to malaria due to its similar symptoms. It is primarily transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick (also known as the deer tick), which also carries Lyme disease and other co-infections. The p41 – IgM test detects early immune activity against a specific protein (p41) expressed by Babesia microti. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system following infection. The presence of IgM typically indicates a recent or active infection, particularly during the early stages when symptoms first appear.

Babesia microti, the primary agent of human babesiosis in the United States. The B. microti life cycle involves two hosts, which includes a rodent, primarily the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, and a tick in the genus, Ixodes, the same tick species that vectors Lyme disease. Cases of babesiosis caused by B. microti occur in southern New England and the northern Midwest. Early clinical manifestations are intermittent fevers accompanied by fatigue and malaise, headache, chills, and myalgias. Nausea, vomiting, reduced appetite, and depression can also occur. Coinfection with Lyme disease or anaplasmosis may complicate the clinical presentation and predispose the patient to more severe disease.

What is Bartonella henselae 17 kDa – IgM? Bartonella henselae is a bacterium best known for causing cat scratch disease, but it is also associated with more complex, chronic, or systemic infections—especially in people with weakened immune systems or in cases of vector-borne illness. It is primarily transmitted through scratches or bites from cats, but can also be spread via fleas, ticks, or other insect vectors. The 17 kDa – IgM test detects IgM antibodies produced in response to the 17-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Bartonella henselae. IgM is the first type of antibody the immune system produces during an infection, typically appearing within 1–2 weeks after exposure.

What is Bartonella henselae 26 kDa – IgG? Bartonella henselae is a bacterial species known for causing Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) as well as other systemic or chronic infections in certain individuals. It is primarily transmitted through scratches or bites from cats, but it may also be spread via fleas or ticks. The 26 kDa – IgG test detects the presence of IgG antibodies to a 26-kilodalton (kDa) protein expressed by Bartonella henselae. IgG antibodies generally appear weeks after infection and can remain in the body for months or even years, indicating a long-term immune response.

What is Bartonella henselae 26 kDa – IgM? Bartonella henselae is a bacterial species best known for causing Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) and can also lead to more serious or chronic infections in some individuals. It is most commonly transmitted through scratches or bites from cats, but it can also be spread through fleas or ticks. The 26 kDa – IgM test detects IgM antibodies directed against a 26-kilodalton protein produced by Bartonella henselae. IgM is the first type of antibody the body produces in response to infection, usually appearing within 1–2 weeks after initial exposure. Because of this, a positive result may signal a recent or active infection.

Several species of Bartonella bacteria cause disease in people

Bartonella vinsonii, a member of the genus Bartonella, is a proteobacterium that is the causative agent of Bartonellosis. The pathogen has been isolated in immunocompetent patients with endocarditis, arthritis, neurological disease and neoplasia . From animal studies it appears that Bartonella henselae is well adapted to felines or cats while Bartonella vinsonii is well adapted to canines or dogs though each species can infect both.

a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates

Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia, a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates. B. afzelii and B. garinii are the primary causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur, carried by the vector, which appears to be in most cases the tick. In Europe the related genospecies Borrelia afzelii is associated with both EM and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), and several European studies have found compelling evidence for B. afzelii infection in patients with morphea.

a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates

What is Borrelia andersonii – IgG? Borrelia andersonii is a species of Borrelia, a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria that includes several species known to cause tickborne illnesses such as Lyme disease and relapsing fever. While Borrelia andersonii has not been definitively linked to human disease, it has been isolated from Ixodes ticks (the same ticks that transmit Lyme disease) and from wild animals in parts of North America, suggesting it may play a role in the broader ecology of tickborne infections. The IgG antibody test for Borrelia andersonii measures the body’s long-term immune response to this bacterium. IgG antibodies typically appear weeks after exposure and can remain in the bloodstream for months or even years, indicating past exposure or infection.

What is Borrelia andersonii – IgM? Borrelia andersonii is a species within the Borrelia genus, a group of spiral-shaped bacteria that includes known causes of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. Borrelia andersonii has been found in Ixodes ticks and certain wild animals in North America, but it is not currently recognized as a confirmed human pathogen. However, its presence on testing panels may indicate exposure to Borrelia bacteria or potential cross-reactivity with related species. The IgM antibody test for Borrelia andersonii detects early immune response—specifically IgM antibodies, which typically appear within 1–2 weeks of infection or exposure. This makes IgM testing useful for identifying recent or possible current exposure to Borrelia species.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection. C6 peptide refers to the sixth invariant region (C6) of the variable major protein-like sequence-expressed (VLsE) lipoprotein of B. Burgdorferi may be more sensitive in patients with erythema migrans.

one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG Marker: A Critical Indicator for Lyme Disease Diagnosis The Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG marker is an antibody test used to detect exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. This specific marker targets the p30 protein, a key antigen expressed by Borrelia burgdorferi. The presence of IgG antibodies against the p30 protein indicates that the body has encountered the bacteria, typically during an active or past infection. What Does an Elevated p30 - IgG Marker Indicate? An elevated Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG result suggests that the individual has been exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi and has developed an immune response, producing IgG antibodies. These antibodies typically indicate a past or chronic infection, as IgG is the antibody type associated with long-term immunity or immune memory. Unlike some other Lyme disease markers, the p30 protein is highly specific to Borrelia burgdorferi, making it a useful tool in confirming a Lyme disease diagnosis. Elevated levels of Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG may indicate the presence of a persistent or chronic infection, as IgG antibodies are often detectable after the initial acute phase of Lyme disease, even if symptoms are not currently active. The Role of the p30 Protein in Lyme Disease The p30 protein is an integral part of the bacterium’s outer structure, contributing to its ability to invade and persist within the body. Because this protein is unique to Borrelia burgdorferi, detecting antibodies against it provides a strong indication of Lyme disease exposure. The p30 - IgG test is often used in conjunction with other Lyme disease tests to provide a comprehensive assessment of the infection. Importance of the p30 - IgG Marker in Lyme Disease Testing The Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG marker is particularly useful in cases where other Lyme disease markers, like VlsE1, may not provide clear results. Since p30 is specific to Borrelia burgdorferi, it can help confirm the diagnosis, especially in cases of chronic or late-stage Lyme disease. Elevated p30 - IgG levels, when considered alongside clinical symptoms and other diagnostic tests, can help healthcare providers determine whether Lyme disease is contributing to a patient’s health concerns. Conclusion The Borrelia burgdorferi p30 - IgG marker is an important diagnostic tool for identifying exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. Elevated levels of IgG antibodies against the p30 protein suggest a past or chronic infection, providing valuable insight into the presence of Lyme disease. If you have elevated test results for p30 - IgG, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation and appropriate treatment to address the potential effects of Lyme disease.

What is Borrelia burgdorferi p30 – IgM? The p30 – IgM marker measures early immune system activity against the p30 protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. The "p30" refers to a 30-kilodalton protein expressed by the bacterium, which serves as one of several antigens used in serologic testing to detect the body’s immune response. IgM antibodies are produced during the early stages of infection—typically within the first 1 to 2 weeks following exposure. Therefore, the presence of IgM antibodies to the p30 protein may indicate that your immune system is actively responding to a recent or ongoing Borrelia infection.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection. Outer surface protein A (OspA) is one of the major proteins in the outer membrane of this B. burgdorferi. A vaccine based OspA was approved by the FDA in 1998. Individuals vaccinated subcutaneously showed approximately 76% protection agains B. burgdorferi infection after receiving three vaccine doses; however, the human vaccine was removed from the market later.

one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease

one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection. B. burgdorferi p66 is an outer membrane spanning protein Oms66. It is proven to be an integral membrane porin because liposome-reconstituted P66 displayed channel-forming activity in planar lipid bilayer assays. P66 has also been shown to function as an adhesin that binds the mammalian cell receptors, B3 chain and B1 chain integrins.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection. B. burgdorferi p66 is an outer membrane spanning protein Oms66. It is proven to be an integral membrane porin because liposome-reconstituted P66 displayed channel-forming activity in planar lipid bilayer assays. P66 has also been shown to function as an adhesin that binds the mammalian cell receptors, B3 chain and B1 chain integrins.

Borrelia burgdorferi p83-93 IgG – Tickborne Diseases Panel (Vibrant America) What is it? The Borrelia burgdorferi p83-93 IgG marker detects the presence of IgG antibodies against a specific protein (p83-93) found in Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. This protein is associated with the late stages of Lyme disease and is considered highly specific to Borrelia. What does p83-93 mean? The numbers “p83-93” refer to a protein with a molecular weight of 83 to 93 kilodaltons, which is strongly immunogenic. It is typically expressed during later phases of infection, and the body produces IgG antibodies in response. Why is this marker important? A positive p83-93 IgG result may indicate a long-standing or late-stage infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. IgG antibodies generally take weeks to develop, so this marker is not used to detect early infection but rather to assess chronic or past exposure. Elevated or positive IgG p83-93 may suggest: Late-stage Lyme disease, especially with neurological, cardiac, or joint symptoms Persistent immune response following prior infection Previous Borrelia exposure, even if current symptoms are not present Limitations and context: A positive result should be interpreted alongside clinical symptoms and other Borrelia-specific markers (such as p41, p18, OspC) False positives can occur, though p83-93 is considered relatively specific to Lyme disease A full clinical evaluation and possibly confirmatory testing (Western blot, PCR, or C6 peptide ELISA) are recommended Who should be tested? This marker is most useful for individuals who: Have unexplained chronic fatigue, joint pain, or neurological symptoms Suspect long-term Lyme disease Have been exposed to tick-endemic areas and have persistent health issues Clinical note: A positive p83-93 IgG result alone does not confirm active infection—it reflects immune memory. It must be interpreted in the broader clinical context.

Borrelia burgdorferi p83-93 (IgM) – Tickborne Disease Panel (Vibrant America) What is it? The Borrelia burgdorferi p83-93 (IgM) marker tests for IgM antibodies against the p83-93 protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. IgM antibodies typically appear early in an infection and signal an active or recent immune response. What does p83-93 mean? The p83-93 protein is a high molecular weight antigen (83 to 93 kilodaltons) found on Borrelia burgdorferi. It is most often associated with late-stage Lyme disease, although detection of IgM against this protein can occasionally appear in early stages if the immune response is robust. What does a positive IgM p83-93 result mean? May indicate an early or active immune response to Borrelia May suggest recent exposure to Lyme disease In some cases, IgM responses may persist beyond the acute phase, potentially reflecting ongoing immune activation Should be interpreted with caution, as IgM tests are more prone to false positives, especially in the absence of symptoms Why is it important? While p83-93 is more typically linked with chronic or late Lyme disease in the IgG phase, detection of IgM antibodies against this protein can occur early in infection or during reactivation. However, because IgM antibodies can remain elevated for weeks or months—and can cross-react with other infections—clinical correlation is essential. Elevated p83-93 IgM levels may suggest: Early Lyme disease, particularly within 1–4 weeks of infection Recent Borrelia exposure with an ongoing immune response A possible false-positive in individuals with other infections or autoimmune conditions Important context for interpretation: A positive IgM without symptoms or without other Borrelia markers may not indicate true infection Best interpreted alongside clinical history, symptoms (e.g., fever, rash, joint pain, neurological issues), and other Lyme-specific antibodies Confirmatory testing (e.g., immunoblot or PCR) is often recommended Who should consider this test? Individuals who: Have early signs of Lyme disease (e.g., erythema migrans rash, flu-like symptoms) Have been in tick-endemic areas within the past few weeks Are experiencing acute, unexplained symptoms after potential tick exposure Clinical note: The IgM response alone should not be used to diagnose Lyme disease without supportive symptoms or additional positive markers. Over-reliance on IgM testing can lead to misdiagnosis if not carefully interpreted.

one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease

What is Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE1 – IgM? The VlsE1 – IgM marker detects early immune system activity against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. VlsE1 (Variable major protein-like sequence Expressed 1) is a highly specific surface protein used by the bacterium to evade the immune system through antigenic variation. Because of this, VlsE1 is a key target in serological testing for Lyme disease. IgM antibodies are typically the first type of antibody produced by the immune system in response to an infection. Therefore, a positive or elevated IgM result for Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE1 may indicate recent or current infection.

What is Borrelia garinii OspC – IgG? Borrelia garinii is one of several Borrelia species that can cause Lyme borreliosis, primarily found in Europe and parts of Asia. It is closely related to Borrelia burgdorferi, the main species responsible for Lyme disease in North America. B. garinii is especially associated with neurological symptoms, such as meningitis or nerve pain. The OspC (Outer surface protein C) is a major surface protein expressed by Borrelia during the early stages of infection, and it plays a key role in the immune system's recognition of the bacterium. The IgG antibody test for Borrelia garinii OspC measures your body’s longer-term immune response to this specific protein, indicating prior exposure or ongoing immune activity.

What is Borrelia hermsii – IgG? Borrelia hermsii is a bacterial species that causes tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF), a disease characterized by recurring episodes of fever and other flu-like symptoms. It is transmitted to humans by soft-bodied ticks of the Ornithodoros genus, which typically feed quickly and are often found in rodent-infested cabins, campsites, or rustic buildings in the western United States and parts of Canada. The IgG antibody test for Borrelia hermsii measures your body's longer-term immune response to this pathogen. IgG antibodies typically appear weeks after infection and can remain in the bloodstream for months or years after exposure.

What is Borrelia maritima – IgG? Borrelia maritima is a lesser-known species within the Borrelia genus—a group of bacteria that includes species responsible for Lyme disease and relapsing fever. B. maritima has been identified in ticks and marine or coastal wildlife, but it is not currently recognized as a confirmed cause of human illness. Its presence on testing panels is typically used to explore environmental exposure to Borrelia species or potential cross-reactivity with more well-studied pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi. The IgG antibody test for Borrelia maritima detects long-term antibodies that the immune system produces weeks after exposure to the bacterium. IgG antibodies can remain in the blood for months or even years, indicating prior immune system recognition of the organism.

What is Borrelia mayonii – IgG? Borrelia mayonii is a recently identified species of bacteria in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and is known to cause a form of Lyme disease in the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Unlike Borrelia burgdorferi, B. mayonii may lead to more severe or unusual symptoms such as higher fevers, nausea, vomiting, and diffuse rashes rather than the classic bull's-eye rash. The IgG antibody test for Borrelia mayonii detects the body’s longer-term immune response to this bacterium. IgG antibodies typically appear several weeks after infection and can persist for months or even years.

What is Borrelia spielmanii OspC – IgM? Borrelia spielmanii is one of several Borrelia species known to cause Lyme borreliosis, primarily in Europe. While it is less well-known than Borrelia burgdorferi or Borrelia garinii, B. spielmanii has been identified in patients with skin-related Lyme symptoms, such as erythema migrans (the classic Lyme rash). It is transmitted by Ixodes ticks, the same genus responsible for spreading other Lyme-causing Borrelia species. The OspC (Outer Surface Protein C) is an early-expressed protein by Borrelia during infection. The IgM antibody test for B. spielmanii OspC measures your body’s initial immune response to this protein. Since IgM is the first class of antibody produced, it often indicates a recent or active infection.

Borrelia turicatae is a leading cause of tick-borne relapsing fever in the southwestern United States. It is transmitted by Ornithodoros turicata, a soft-bodied tick known for its rapid feeding, which makes transmission events difficult to detect and trace. This tick species is typically found in caves and in the burrows of ground squirrels and prairie dogs throughout the Plains and desert regions of the Southwest. There is strong epidemiological evidence linking B. turicatae to human infection. In addition to recurrent fever, affected individuals often experience a wide range of nonspecific symptoms. Clinical features of relapsing fever may include repeated febrile episodes, chills, nausea, headache, muscle and joint pain, vomiting, fatigue, and low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia), among others.

What is Borrelia turicatae – IgM? Borrelia turicatae is a species of bacteria that causes tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF), an illness marked by recurring episodes of fever and flu-like symptoms. This bacterium is transmitted to humans by soft-bodied ticks—specifically Ornithodoros turicata—which feed quickly and are commonly found in caves, animal burrows, and rustic shelters in the southern and southwestern United States. The IgM antibody test for Borrelia turicatae measures your body’s early immune response to infection. IgM is the first type of antibody produced after exposure to a pathogen, usually appearing within 1–2 weeks of infection.

from ticks and small rodents

primary cause of tick-borne relapsing fever in southwestern United States

What is Chlamydophila pneumoniae – IgG? Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that commonly causes respiratory infections, including bronchitis, sinusitis, and atypical pneumonia. In most cases, infections are mild and self-limiting, but in some individuals—especially older adults or those with weakened immune systems—it can contribute to more persistent or chronic respiratory conditions. The IgG antibody test for Chlamydophila pneumoniae measures the body’s long-term immune response to this bacterium. IgG antibodies usually appear several weeks after infection and can remain in the bloodstream for months or even years. This means an elevated IgG result indicates past exposure or a previous infection.

What is Coxsackie Virus – IgG? Coxsackie viruses are a group of enteroviruses that can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild to serious. These viruses are divided into Group A and Group B, each associated with different clinical conditions. Group A viruses often cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, while Group B viruses can lead to viral myocarditis, pericarditis, or aseptic meningitis. The IgG antibody test for Coxsackie virus detects long-term immune response to the virus. IgG antibodies typically develop several weeks after infection and remain in the bloodstream for months or even years, indicating past exposure or infection.

Human herpesvirus 7 is a herpes family virus that can stay in your body for life usually in a dormant state. It is ubiquitous worldwide and nearly 70% of all children will be exposed to the virus by the age of 4. DNA of the virus has been found in the CD4+ T cells of healthy adults which is indicative of the latency.

What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae – IgG? Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that commonly causes respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia—a milder, slower-developing form of pneumonia often referred to as "walking pneumonia." It is also associated with sore throat, prolonged cough, sinusitis, and bronchitis. In some cases, it can contribute to more serious complications such as asthma exacerbations, ear infections, or skin rashes. The IgG antibody test detects long-term immune response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. IgG antibodies typically appear several weeks after infection and may remain in the bloodstream for months or even years, indicating past exposure or infection.

Lyme disease and Parovirus B19 infections produce arthritis, rashes, and a systemic illness that may be thought to represent a chronic rheumatic disease. Cases of co infections have also been reported in literature. Additionally, it has been shown to be a good candidate for differential diagnosis in cases of arthopathy where Lyme disease has been suspected.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgG? Parvovirus B19 is a common human virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), especially in children. It typically presents with a “slapped cheek” facial rash and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it can cause joint pain or arthritis-like symptoms, and in vulnerable individuals—such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, or those with chronic anemia—it can lead to more serious complications, including fetal infection or severe anemia. The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid IgG test detects IgG antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of Parvovirus B19. These are the major structural proteins that form the virus’s outer shell. When your immune system recognizes these proteins, it produces IgG antibodies that typically remain in the bloodstream for many months or years—indicating past infection and likely immunity.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM? Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), particularly in children. It often presents with a red rash on the cheeks (“slapped cheek” appearance) and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it may cause joint pain or fatigue. In certain cases—especially among pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, or those with chronic anemia—Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to more serious complications, such as fetal infection or severe anemia. The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM test detects IgM antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, which are structural proteins of the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies the immune system produces after an infection and typically appear within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure. This test helps identify recent or current infection with Parvovirus B19.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP2 – IgG? Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes a mild childhood illness known as fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, which typically presents with a “slapped cheek” rash and low-grade fever. In adults, infection may lead to joint pain or flu-like symptoms. In some cases—particularly in people with weakened immune systems, certain blood disorders, or during pregnancy—Parvovirus B19 can lead to more serious complications, such as anemia or fetal infection. The VLP VP2 – IgG test detects IgG antibodies against the virus-like particle (VLP) of the VP2 protein, one of the main structural proteins of Parvovirus B19. IgG antibodies usually develop a few weeks after infection and remain in the bloodstream long-term, indicating past exposure and likely immunity.

the etiological agent of murine typhus

What is Rickettsia typhi Surface Antigen – IgM? Rickettsia typhi is the bacterium that causes murine typhus, a flea-borne illness most commonly found in warm, coastal regions of the world, including parts of the southern United States (e.g., Texas and California). It is primarily transmitted to humans by the bite of fleas infected from rodents or, occasionally, opossums or other small mammals. The Surface Antigen – IgM test detects IgM antibodies produced by your immune system in response to proteins on the surface of Rickettsia typhi. IgM antibodies are typically the first to appear during an infection, usually within the first 1 to 2 weeks of exposure. A positive result generally suggests a recent or active infection.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgG? Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE)—a serious infection affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks, and is most commonly found in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Northern and Eastern Asia. The IgG antibody test for TBEV detects long-term immune response to the virus. IgG antibodies typically develop several weeks after infection or vaccination and can remain in the bloodstream for months or years, indicating past exposure, recovery from infection, or prior vaccination.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgM? Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially serious illness affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is spread through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks and is most common in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and northern and eastern Asia. The IgM antibody test detects the body’s initial immune response to the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type produced by the immune system after exposure to an infection—usually appearing within 1 to 2 weeks. Because of this, an elevated IgM level typically indicates a recent or active infection with TBEV.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded animals, including humans, and causes the disease toxoplasmosis. Tick based transmission has been increasingly considered and evidence indicates that T. gondii could be a potentially unrecognized tick-borne pathogen spreading toxoplasmosis . The parasite forms cysts that can affect almost any part of the body often your brain and muscle tissue of different organs, including the heart. The immune system keeps the parasites in check in an inactive state however, if it is weakened by disease or certain medications, the infection can be reactivated, leading to serious complications.

What is Toxoplasma gondii MIC3 – IgM? Toxoplasma gondii is a microscopic parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a common infection that often goes unnoticed in healthy individuals but can pose serious risks during pregnancy or in people with weakened immune systems. It is typically transmitted through undercooked meat, contaminated water or soil, or contact with cat feces. The MIC3 – IgM test detects IgM antibodies against the MIC3 protein, which is one of the parasite’s microneme proteins involved in host cell invasion. IgM antibodies are the first antibodies produced by your immune system in response to infection and generally appear within 1–2 weeks after initial exposure. Therefore, this test helps identify a recent or current infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

What is Toxoplasma gondii p29 – IgM? Toxoplasma gondii is a microscopic parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a common infection that is often mild or asymptomatic in healthy people but can be serious in pregnant individuals, newborns, or people with weakened immune systems. The parasite is usually transmitted through undercooked meat, contaminated food or water, or exposure to infected cat feces. The p29 – IgM test detects IgM antibodies targeting the p29 protein, a specific surface antigen expressed by Toxoplasma gondii. IgM antibodies are the first antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infection, typically appearing within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure. This test helps identify recent or active infection.

What is Toxoplasma gondii p30 – IgG? Toxoplasma gondii is a microscopic parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a common infection that is often mild in healthy individuals but can cause serious complications in pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. People typically become infected by eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated water, or coming into contact with cat feces that contain the parasite. The p30 – IgG test detects IgG antibodies against the p30 protein, also known as SAG1 (surface antigen 1), which is one of the most abundant and immunologically important proteins on the surface of T. gondii. IgG antibodies usually appear 1 to 2 weeks after infection and can remain in the body for years or even a lifetime, indicating past exposure and likely immunity.

What is Toxoplasma gondii p30 – IgM? Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, an infection often mild or unnoticed in healthy individuals but potentially serious in pregnant women, newborns, or people with weakened immune systems. It is usually spread through undercooked meat, contaminated food or water, or contact with infected cat feces. The p30 – IgM test measures IgM antibodies directed against the p30 protein (also known as SAG1, a major surface antigen) of Toxoplasma gondii. IgM antibodies are produced early in an infection—typically within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure—and serve as a marker for recent or active infection.