Brain Health
The Brain Health category includes biomarkers that assess neurological function, neuronal integrity, cognitive health, and the biological risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and related conditions.
These biomarkers serve both diagnostic and monitoring roles. Clinical tests such as p-tau217, amyloid beta, neurofilament light (NfL), and APOE genotype help identify Alzheimer's-related pathology, differentiate causes of cognitive decline, assess disease risk, and support decisions about further testing or treatment eligibility. Other biomarkers provide insight into broader aspects of brain health, including neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and age-related cognitive change.
Together, these tests offer a window into the biological processes occurring within the brain — often years before significant symptoms appear. Whether you're evaluating memory concerns, investigating cognitive changes, understanding genetic risk, or monitoring long-term neurological health, Brain Health biomarkers help translate complex neuroscience into clinically meaningful and actionable information.
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Biomarkers included in this panel:
The Aβ42/40 Ratio (Amyloid Beta 42/40 Ratio) is a biomarker that helps detect early signs of Alzheimer’s disease by measuring the balance between two key amyloid beta proteins in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. A lower ratio indicates a
Learn moreThe Beta-amyloid 42/40 ratio (Aβ42/40) compares two amyloid-beta peptides in blood or CSF to detect Alzheimer’s-type biology: because Aβ42 more readily forms plaques, its level in fluids falls relative to Aβ40, so a lower ratio i
Learn moreGlial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a structural protein found in astrocytes, the support cells that help protect and maintain healthy brain and spinal cord function. When these cells become stressed, inflamed, or damaged, GFAP can be released
Learn moreNeurofilament proteins are vital structural components of nerve cells, helping to maintain their shape and function. Of these, neurofilament light chain (NfL) has emerged as a clinically important biomarker. When neurons are damaged or unde
Learn moreNeuron-specific enolase (NSE) is an enzyme that is found in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells. The production of NSE occurs late in neural differentiation, thus making NSE an index of neural maturation.
Learn morep-tau181
P-tau181 is a phosphorylated form of the tau protein that reflects Alzheimer's-type brain pathology. Measured in plasma (blood) or CSF, elevated levels indicate amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain. Normal range varies significantly by as
Learn morep-tau217
P-tau217 is a phosphorylated form of the tau protein measured in blood plasma. Elevated levels indicate Alzheimer's-type amyloid and tau pathology in the brain. On the Lumipulse platform (the most widely used clinical assay), results below ~0.18&
Learn moreThis test measures levels of phosphorylated tau217 (p-tau217) in the blood—a protein strongly linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Tau proteins normally help stabilize nerve cells in the
Learn moreSerotonin, Serum
Serotonin plays important roles in the resolution of mood, sleep, and appetite. Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized by enzymes that act on tryptophan and/or 5-HTP. Neurotransmitters are divided
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