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Optimal range: 1.4 - 15.7 nmol/mg Creatinine
(p-Hydroxybenzoate or 4-HB)
- One of the most abundant phenolates formed by the microbiota. It is a product of microbial transformation of dietary polyphenols and endogenous metabolites such as dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
- It is found in red huckleberry, coriander, blueberry, Swiss chard, carrots, olive, and sour cherries.
- Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in multiple steps from the precursor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. CoQ10 is composed of a benzoquinone ring.
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acid increased on a low FODMAP diet and is positively associated with Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and A. muciniphilia, and negatively with Actinobacteria.
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is the common metabolite of all parabens, structurally related benzoic acid (without the OH group) and has potential endocrine activity.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.8 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.4 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.3 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.7 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.57 mmol/mol
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.5 ng/mg Creat/Day
4-OH-E2 is associated with a higher risk of certain cancers and other negative markers for breast health in females. Due to the lack of research in this area, it may be postulated that males carry a similar risk.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.45 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.144 - 0.93 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 1.2 ng/mg CR
4-Hydroxyestrone is a crucial estrogen metabolite measured in the "FU Female FMV Urine Comprehensive Hormone" panel, offering significant insights into estrogen metabolism and women's health. This metabolite is one of the three primary pathways through which estrone, a form of estrogen, is metabolized in the body. The significance of 4-Hydroxyestrone lies in its biological activity and potential implications for health risks, particularly in relation to estrogen-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.5 ng/mg Creat/Day
Higher levels indicate slowed COMT activity (methylation) and are associated with a higher risk for breast cancer in females. Due to the lack of research in this area, it may be postulated that men carry a similar risk. Elevation may also be due to an overactive CYP1B1 enzyme or sluggish CYP1A1 or CYP34A. Additional support for the COMT enzyme can help with the conversion toward the inactive
metabolite, 4-M-E1.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.3 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 2.85 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 5.9 mcg/g Creat.
Research focus is shifting toward 4-hydroxyesterone which is thought to have greater estrogenic and genotoxic potential than either 2-hydroxyestrone or 16a-hydroxyestrone.
Optimal range: 0 - 8.8 mcg/g Creat.
Research focus is shifting toward 4-hydroxyesterone which is thought to have greater estrogenic and genotoxic potential than either 2-hydroxyestrone or 16a-hydroxyestrone.
Optimal range: 0.79 - 17 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Hydroxyhippuric is a glycine conjugate of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the paraben metabolite.
Optimal range: 0 - 14 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Hydroxyhippuric is a glycine conjugate of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, the paraben metabolite.
