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Optimal range: 0 - 3.1 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 24 mg/g creat
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.9 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.8 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.5 mmol/mol
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 6.2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.6 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 16 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 4.9 mmol/mol
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 97 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 72 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA) is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced activity of this enzyme leads to an alternate pathway of metabolism resulting in 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid.
Optimal range: 0 - 29 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA) is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced activity of this enzyme leads to an alternate pathway of metabolism resulting in 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid.
Optimal range: 0 - 29 mmol/mol creatinine
Production of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid begins with the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA in the mitochondria by the biotin-dependent enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
Optimal range: 147 - 467 µg/g creatinine
3-Hydroxykynurenine is a metabolic intermediate of the kynurenine pathway that elicits neurotoxic effects.
Optimal range: 0 - 8.1 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid are produced by the bacterial fermentation of amino acids, much like Indoleacetic acid (IAA).
Optimal range: 0 - 8.1 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a rutin metabolite and an antioxidant.
Optimal range: 0 - 8 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HPA) is a major urinary metabolite of propionic acid. Propionic acid is derived from dietary branched-chain amino acids, odd-chain fatty acids, and can be produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of fiber. The biotindependent enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase is responsible for metabolizing propionic acid to methylmalonyl CoA, which is subsequently isomerized to succinyl CoA. Decreased activity of this enzyme shunts propionyl CoA into alternative pathways which form 3-HPA.
Optimal range: 5 - 22 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of propionic acid, precursor of methylmalonic acid via both biotin and Mg.
Optimal range: 5 - 22 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) is a major urinary metabolite of propionic acid. Propionic acid is derived from dietary branched-chain amino acids, oddchain fatty acids, and can be produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of fiber. The biotin-dependent enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase is responsible for metabolizing propionic acid to methylmalonyl CoA, which is subsequently isomerized to succinyl CoA. Decreased activity of this enzyme shunts propionyl CoA into alternative pathways which form 3-HPA.
