Vitamin D is well known for the role it plays in regulating calcium and phosphorus to maintain bone health. Vitamin D insufficiency has been linked to depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder, neurological autoimmune processes, and in preventing on-going inflammation that damages tissue.

Vitamin D, frequently called the “sun vitamin,” is an essential component of the systems that our bodies use to keep bones and teeth strong. It also has important, emerging roles in immune function and cancer prevention. We have natural processes that regulate vitamin D production from the sun so extremely high levels of it are rare. Deficiency can cause a number of issues including weak bones, called osteomalacia.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

This particular marker is called 28 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. 

IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure. 
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time. 

Metabolite of phenylalanine via phenyl pyruvate.

- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid is found in red beetroot, common beet, olives, and correlated with coffee intake.

- One of the most abundant phenolates, formed by microbial transformation of dietary polyphenols and endogenous metabolites such as dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid is highly correlated with homovanillic acid (HVA).

- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid has antioxidant properties and significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Dopac (aka 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine serves as the reward and pleasure center in the brain. DOPAC and HVA (Homovanillic Acid) are dopamine metabolites.

DOPAC levels, when viewed in conjunction with dopamine levels, may provide insight into how the body processes neurotransmitters.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionate seems to be strongly associated with a troublesome type of bacteria called Clostridia.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionate seems to be strongly associated with a troublesome type of bacteria called Clostridia.

Sources of Exposure:

- Mainly by inhalation of vapors.

- Production occurs during petroleum refining.

- Primary use is as a motor fuel additive.

- Automotive emissions, poor emission-control devices on older vehicles, poor maintenance practices, diesel engine exhaust.

- Solvent in coatings, paint thinners, wood preservatives, cleaners, dry cleaners, degreasers, aerosols, pesticides, printing and inks.

- Component of white spirit, the most widely used solvent in the paint and coating industry.

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was highly correlated with intake of whole-grain bread and breakfast cereals, and a primary metabolite of alkylresorcinols, a biomarker for whole-grain intake.

Alkylresorcinols are a naturally occurring type of phenolic lipid found in high concentrations in the outer layer and bran of cereal grain, primarily wheat and rye.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.

- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.

- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.

- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.

- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)

- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.

- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.

- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.

- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)

- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.

- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.

- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.

- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)