CoQ10 is a fat-soluble, vitamin-like substance present in most cells, primarily in the mitochondria. CoQ10 plays an integral role in the generation of cellular energy through aerobic cellular respiration. In addition, CoQ10 is a powerful antioxidant at physiologic concentrations.

- CoEnzyme Q10 acts as an antioxidant.

- CoEnzyme Q10 is needed for basic cell functions in energy production.

CoEnzyme Q10’s primary function is to transfer electrons through the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The electrons are received directly from succinate, or indirectly from several other substrates such as pyruvate, acyl-CoA, and alpha–ketoglutarate in the form of NADH (=Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). CoEnzyme Q10 moves from one electron carrier complex to the next, ultimately delivering electrons, one at a time. While the electrons are delivered one at a time, they leave in pairs to form ATP and H20.

CoEnzyme Q10 is an essential component of the mitochondria of the energy producing unit of the cell.

CoQ10 is a fat-soluble compound primarily synthesized by the body and also consumed in the diet. It is found in virtually all cell membranes and participates in the mitochondria to convert carbohydrates and fatty acids into ATP. CoQ10 also supports cell signaling, gene expression, stimulation of cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, control of thiol groups, formation of hydrogen peroxide, and control of membrane channels.

Food sources of CoQ10 are considered poor sources of the nutrient. Foods that contain more CoQ10 than others include organ meats from red meat sources. Nuts are considered a moderate source but would have to be eaten in extreme amounts to get the daily requirement.

Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone is a cofactor, electron carrier, and antioxidant. It is a critical component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone, Q10 or UQ) is structurally related to vitamin E and is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in many organisms. It is essential for cellular energy production and also acts as an antioxidant in the body. Coenzyme Q10 is ingested with food, but it can also be produced inside the human body. Due to their high levels of energy turnover, heart, lungs and liver exhibit particularly high concentrations of Q10.

A cold agglutinin test may be used to help detect cold agglutinin disease and determine the cause of a person’s hemolytic anemia. It may be used as a follow-up test after a complete blood count (CBC) shows a decrease in a person’s red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin, especially if these findings are linked to an exposure to cold temperatures.

Cold agglutinin disease is a rare autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies produced by a person’s immune system mistakenly target and destroy RBCs, causing hemolytic anemia. These autoantibodies are cold-reacting and can cause signs and symptoms related to anemia after an affected person is exposed to cold temperatures. This disease may be classified as either primary or secondary, triggered by an infection or other condition.

Function:

Collagen is a group of proteins found in the flesh and connective tissues. The most abundant protein of the human body, Collagen is the main component of connective tissue. Collagen is found in tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral disc. The fibroblast is the most common cell which creates collagen. In muscle tissue, collagen serves as a major component of the endomysium.

Antibodies Appear:

Arthritis [4]

Goodpasture’s Syndrome (*rat study) [1]

Type 1 Bullous SLE [3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Clostridium botulinum, RNA polymerase 20–32, Streptococcus pyogenes; [1] Porphyromonas gingivalis; [5,6] Klebsiella; [7] Chicken collagen; [8] Cow, Pig, Goat and Dog collagen; [9] Cow gelatin [10]

- Possibly proinflammatory, may play a role in altering intestinal barrier integrity.

- Produces H2, ethanol, short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, and lactate and is a major utilizer of lactose.

- Contains bile salt hydrolases to metabolize bile, and along with Bifidobacterium, can modify bile acids to modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of enteric pathogens. 

- Consumes oligosaccharides and simple sugars

Stool is normally brown because of pigments formed by bacteria acting on bile introduced into the digestive system from the liver. While certain conditions can cause changes in stool color, many changes are harmless and are caused by pigments in foods or dietary supplements.

Color and clarity may vary. Normal synovial fluid is clear and colorless or straw-colored. Abnormal fluid may look cloudy, opaque, and/or differently colored. For example, cloudy fluid may indicate an infection, and pink or reddish fluid may indicate the presence of blood.

The color of your urine changes with your hydration level but may also change due to pigments in your food or while taking medication. Certain color changes may signal a health condition that needs medical attention.

Measurements of serum complement components C3 is useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of immune complex disease e.g. SLE (Systemic lupus erythematosus) and some blood associated infectious diseases. Complement concentrations are acute phase proteins and may be normal, despite complement consumption, in some inflammatory and infective disorders. C3 alone is often decreased in infectious disease (septicaemia, endocarditis).

Measurement of serum complement is useful in the monitoring of specific immune complex diseases e.g SLE and infectious diseases post streptococcal disease, subacute bacterial endocarditis.

C3 is the most abundant protein of the complement system. C3 can be cleaved in two divalent fragments, where C3b is the larger fragment. C3a is the smaller fragment that is released into the surrounding fluids. C3a can bind to receptors on basophils and mast cells triggering them to release their vasoactive amines (e.g. histamine). Because of the role of these biomarkers in anaphylaxis, C3a is called an anaphylatoxin. C3a is one of the most potent constrictors of smooth muscle cells. C3a has been shown to be a multifunctional pro-inflammatory mediator.