Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker (Leucine catabolism).

Alpha-Ketoisovalerate (together with Alpha-Ketoisocaproate and Alpha-Keto-Beta-methylvalerate) requires Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid to be metabolized.

Alpha-Ketoisovalerate (together with Alpha-Ketoisocaproate and Alpha-Keto-Beta-methylvalerate) requires Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid to be metabolized.

Function:

Myosin, the major contractile protein, converts chemical energy into mechanical force through hydrolysis of ATP. a-Myosin is almost exclusively expressed in cardiac tissue.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autoimmune Myocarditis [3]

- Dilated Cardiomyopathy [3]

- Myasthenia Gravis [5]

- Rheumatic Heart Disease [2]

Alpha-Pregnanediol in men's urine is a significant metabolite of progesterone, and its levels can provide valuable insights into hormonal balance and potential health concerns related to progesterone and androgen metabolism.

Alpha-Pregnanediol, a key biomarker in the FU Female FMV Urine Comprehensive Hormone panel, is a metabolite of progesterone, an essential hormone in female reproductive health. Scientifically, alpha-pregnanediol is a progestogen, a substance that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. In the context of the urine hormone panel, the measurement of alpha-pregnanediol provides vital insights into the body's progesterone levels, as it is a direct byproduct of progesterone metabolism.

Alpha-Pregnanediol and Beta-Pregnanediol are metabolites of progesterone, and they are used as surrogate markers because they are the most abundant metabolites. The ratio between these two metabolites can provide insights into the relative activity of specific steroidogenic enzymes or pathways involved in progesterone metabolism.

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity.

Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements. Alpha-tocopherol (body’s main form of vitamin E) functions as an antioxidant, regulates cell signaling, influences immune function and inhibits coagulation.

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity.

Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements. Alpha-tocopherol (body’s main form of vitamin E) functions as an antioxidant, regulates cell signaling, influences immune function and inhibits coagulation.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma. Not only the presence of asthma but also persistence and severity of asthma have been strongly associated with sensitization and exposure to A alternata. Although exposure to Alternaria is an important risk factor for asthma, few studies have assessed exposure to this fungus in indoor environments.

A alternata, a cosmopolitan saprophyte commonly found in soil and plants, is usually considered an outdoor allergen.

Although most intense exposure is likely to occur outdoors, Alternariaand other allergenic fungi are also found in indoor environments.

Alternaria alternata mold IgE is a specific marker included in allergy panels that helps identify if an individual has an allergic sensitivity to a common type of fungus known as Alternaria alternata. This mold is widely found in the environment, thriving outdoors in soil, plants, and rotting vegetation, and can also make its way indoors through open doors, windows, and ventilation systems. People who are sensitive to this mold may experience allergic reactions when they inhale its spores, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, and asthma exacerbations.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma.

The major tissue sites of aluminum toxicity are the nervous system, immune system, bone, liver, and red blood cells. Aluminum may also interfere with heme (porphyrin) synthesis.

SOURCES:

Found in virtually all foodand food additives, water, air, and soil. Also found in antacids, antiperspirants, cosmetics, astringents, cans, pots, pans, siding, roofing, and foil.

NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS:

Calcium deficiency, citric acid, and low gut pH causes increased Al absorption. Low iron intake increases Al absorption (rat study). Selenium may be protective against Al. Al reduces phosphorus and fluoride absorption. Al disrupts lipid membrane fluidity, altering Fe, magnesium, and calcium homeostasis, causing oxidative stress.

Urinary aluminum (Al) provides an indication of very recent or ongoing exposure to the potentially toxic metal. Urine accounts for greater than 95% of Al excretion from the body. Compromised renal function increases the risk of Al retention in the very young, elderly and patients with renal disease.

The major tissue sites of aluminum toxicity are the nervous system, immune system, bone, liver, and red blood cells. Aluminum may also interfere with heme (porphyrin) synthesis.