Alpha-aminoadipic acid (a-Aminoadipic acid) is an intermediary metabolite of lysine (primarily) and of tryptophan.

Alpha amniobutyric acid (AABA), also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB), is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of methionine and threonine. Increases in AABA occur secondary to elevations of either methionine or threonine. AABA becomes propionic acid via alpha-ketobutyric acid in the presence of adequate amounts of thiamin, vitamin B2(as FAD), vitamin B3(as NAD), lipoic acid and magnesium. Deficiencies of any of these, or vitamin B6, could cause increases in AABA. Elevated or decreased levels of the amino acid may indicate a congenital enzyme defect.

Alpha amniobutyric acid (AABA), also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB), is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of methionine and threonine. Increases in AABA occur secondary to elevations of either methionine or threonine. AABA becomes propionic acid via alpha-ketobutyric acid in the presence of adequate amounts of thiamin, vitamin B2(as FAD), vitamin B3(as NAD), lipoic acid and magnesium. Deficiencies of any of these, or vitamin B6, could cause increases in AABA. Elevated or decreased levels of the amino acid may indicate a congenital enzyme defect.

Alpha amniobutyric acid (AABA), also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB), is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of methionine and threonine. Increases in AABA occur secondary to elevations of either methionine or threonine. AABA becomes propionic acid via alpha-ketobutyric acid in the presence of adequate amounts of thiamin, vitamin B2(as FAD), vitamin B3(as NAD), lipoic acid and magnesium. Deficiencies of any of these, or vitamin B6, could cause increases in AABA. Elevated or decreased levels of the amino acid may indicate a congenital enzyme defect.

An amylase test measures the amount of amylase in your blood or urine. Amylase is an enzyme that helps your body break down carbohydrates during digestion. Most of the amylase is produced by your pancreas and salivary glands.

Normally, small amounts of amylase are present in your blood and urine. However, abnormal levels—either too high or too low—can be a sign of a disorder affecting the pancreas, salivary glands, or other health conditions.

Alcohol consumption can result in elevations of the plasma Alpha-ANB/Leucine ratio. But to see this biomarker as a conclusive marker for alcoholism is not proven. The increase in the plasma Alpha-ANB/Leucine ratio does not appear to be specific for alcoholism because it was found elevated in nonalcoholic liver disease.

Alpha-Beta Gliadin IgG is a type of antibody that is produced by the immune system in response to gliadin, a protein found in gluten. Gliadin is commonly found in wheat, barley, and rye and is known to trigger an immune response in individuals with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

When the immune system detects gliadin in the body, it produces antibodies, including Alpha-Beta Gliadin IgG, to target and neutralize it. Elevated levels of Alpha-Beta Gliadin IgG antibodies in the blood can indicate the presence of an immune response to gliadin and may suggest the presence of celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

The presence of antibodies to a-Casein + b-Casein combined is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Cow’s Milk is the most common cause of food allergy in the first years of life and contributes to maladies such as gastrointestinal upset, skin problems, respiratory manifestations and anaphylaxis. For some the sensitivity persists throughout one’s lifetime and may contribute to autoimmunity later in life. Particular autoimmunities associated with Casein include Celiac disease and autoimmune uveitis. Cow’s Milk plays a role in the gastrointestinal symptoms in 50% of patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity and Celiac disease.

Gliadin is a glycoprotein. It is an alcohol-soluble protein present in wheat and occurring in various forms (a-, g-, and w-gliadins). a-Gliadin-33-mer is produced by natural digestion processes. It is resistant to proteolytic degradation and stimulates T cells.

Known Cross-Reactions: 21 Hydroxylase, Asialoganglioside, Corn, Cytochrome P450, Dairy proteins, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Myelin Basic Protein, Millet, Myocardial Peptide, Oats, Osteocyte, Ovary, Rice, Synapsin, Thyroid Peroxidase, Yeast; Cerebellar

Alpha-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is α-Hydroxybutyrate?

α-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

α-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

α-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid is a major urinary metabolite of the industrial solvent methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

MTBE was a gasoline additive discontinued in the early 2000’s used to reduce automobile emissions. Due to significant ground water leakage from storage tanks, ongoing exposure to MTBE exists in ground water. There is also data available on levels of MTBE in ambient air.

Urinary α-hydroxyisobutryic acid is a marker of recent MTBE exposure. Although, MTBE was initially designated as “noncarcinogenic”, recent studies suggest some interesting clinical associations. Exposure to MTBE has been linked to type 2 diabetes as a result of disrupted zinc homeostasis and glucose tolerance. There are also clinical associations with autism, DNA oxidative damage, and methylation defects. Studies on cancer, reproductive abnormalities, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and neurotoxicity have been either negative or inconclusive thus far.

Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker. Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet.

Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker. Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker (Leucine catabolism).

Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet. The B-complex vitamins are necessary for many enzymes in your body to function properly.

Many B vitamins are used as co-factors in the breakdown of amino acids. A deficiency of any of these B vitamins may lead to a block in one or more of these pathways resulting in elevations of the markers.
Vitamins B1 (thiamin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) are necessary for energy pathways of all of the cells in your body. As your food is broken down, specific compounds are formed at steps that require B vitamin assistance. Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is one some these compounds. The production of this metabolite requires vitamins B1, B3, B5 and lipoic acid.