Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

Known Cross-Reactions: A5-B3 glycinin of soy, cerebellar, gliadin

The presence of salivary antibodies to a-Casein + b-Casein combined is an indication of loss of oral tolerance and onset of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Cow’s Milk is the most common cause of food immune reactivity in the first years of life and contributes to maladies such as gastrointestinal upset, skin problems, respiratory manifestations and anaphylaxis, for some the sensitivity persists throughout one’s lifetime and may contribute to autoimmunity later in life. Infants have been shown to produce salivary IgA to casein, but tend to outgrow the immune reactivity.

Elevated salivary antibodies to casein in infants have been shown to reflect atopic risk for developing an allergy during the first three years of life. Particular autoimmunities associated with Casein include diabetes, Celiac disease and autoimmune uveitis.

Cow’s Milk plays a role in the gastrointestinal symptoms in 50% of patients with Gluten Reactivity and Celiac disease.

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease
Demyelinating Disease
Graves’ Disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Infectious agent exposure
PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes Toxin Exposure

Known Cross-Reactions: Streptococcal Protein

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Function: Tubulin is a building block protein and a major component of a cell’s internal cytoskeleton, called microtubules. These structures play key roles in many cellular functions including, interaction with guanine, lateral contacts, interaction with beta and gamma phosphates of nucleotides, interaction with gamma phosphate, longitudinal contacts, backbone interactions with α and β phosphates, hydrophobic contact of conserved residues, nucleotide contacts, MAP-binding domain and acetylation site.

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease
Demyelinating Disease
Graves’ Disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Infectious agent exposure
PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes Toxin Exposure

Known Cross-Reactions: Streptococcal Protein

----------------------------

Function: Tubulin is a building block protein and a major component of a cell’s internal cytoskeleton, called microtubules. These structures play key roles in many cellular functions including, interaction with guanine, lateral contacts, interaction with beta and gamma phosphates of nucleotides, interaction with gamma phosphate, longitudinal contacts, backbone interactions with α and β phosphates, hydrophobic contact of conserved residues, nucleotide contacts, MAP-binding domain and acetylation site.

This test is used for the chromogenic determination of plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2-antiplasmin) activity in human plasma. Alpha 2-antiplasmin is the major fast-acting inhibitor of the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin and an important regulator of the fibrinolytic system.

Measurement of A2-antiplasmin provides a more complete assessment of disseminated intravascular coagulation, intravascular coagulation, fibrinolysis, and hyperfibrinolysis (primary fibrinolysis), when measured in combination with fibrinogen, D-dimers, and fibrinolysis products.

- Alpha-2-Macroglobulin is produced in the liver.

- Increased concentrations are associated with patients with some chronic liver diseases, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes.

- Decreased concentrations are associated with patients with pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple myeloma.

Alpha-aminoadipic acid (a-Aminoadipic acid) is an intermediary metabolite of lysine (primarily) and of tryptophan.

Alpha-Amino-N-butyric acid (α-ANB), also known as alpha-aminobutyric acid, is a nonessential amino acid derived from the catabolism of methionine, threonine, and serine.

α-ANB is both formed and metabolized by reactions which require vitamin B6 as a cofactor.

Amino Acid Analysis, Plasma - Amino Acid analysis is necessary for the diagnosis of a variety of inborn errors of metabolism. These include, but are not limited to, phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, citrullinemia, non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, maple syrup urine disease, and homocystinuria. The assay is also key for the continued monitoring of treatment plans for these disorders and useful for assessing nutritional status of patients.

Alpha amniobutyric acid (AABA), also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB), is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of methionine and threonine. Increases in AABA occur secondary to elevations of either methionine or threonine. AABA becomes propionic acid via alpha-ketobutyric acid in the presence of adequate amounts of thiamin, vitamin B2(as FAD), vitamin B3(as NAD), lipoic acid and magnesium. Deficiencies of any of these, or vitamin B6, could cause increases in AABA. Elevated or decreased levels of the amino acid may indicate a congenital enzyme defect.

In ecology, Alpha Diversity describes a particular ecosystem by combining information about the number of species observed and their abundance. This marker evaluates your gut microbiome by looking at your own personal species diversity, which can be negatively affected by antibiotics, environmental toxins, stress, diet, or other factors. This can lead to the microbiome being dominated by only a few species. A high Alpha Diversity indicates that the ecosystem has many species and their abundance is balanced, which is typically associated with a healthy microbiome.

Other names: total AFP, alpha-fetoprotein-L3 Percent

Healthy adults should have very low levels of AFP.

AFP stands for alpha-fetoprotein. It is a protein made in the liver of a developing baby. AFP levels are usually high when a baby is born, but fall to very low levels by the age of 1. An AFP tumor marker test is a blood test that measures the levels of AFP in adults. Tumor markers are substances made by cancer cells or by normal cells in response to cancer in the body.

What is it used for?

An AFP tumor marker test may be used to:

- Help confirm or rule out a diagnosis of liver cancer or cancer of the ovaries or testicles.
- Monitor cancer treatment. AFP levels often go up if cancer is spreading and go down when treatment is working.
- See if cancer has returned after treatment.
- Monitor the health of people with cirrhosis or hepatitis.

Why do I need an AFP tumor marker test?
You may need an AFP tumor marker test if a physical exam and/or other tests show there is a chance you have liver cancer or cancer of the ovaries or testicles. Your provider may order an AFP test to help confirm or rule out the results of other tests.

You may also need this test if you are currently being treated for one of these cancers, or recently completed treatment. The test can help your provider see if your treatment is working or if your cancer has come back after treatment.

In addition, you may need this test if you have a noncancerous liver disease. Certain liver diseases can put you at a higher risk of getting liver cancer.

Gliadin constitutes a class of proteins that are present in wheat and other cereal which give it the ability to rise properly when baked. The main types of gliadin are alpha, beta, gamma and omega gliadins. Research has suggested that antibody reactivity against all the above mentioned forms of gliadin are found in individuals with ‘Wheat related disorders.’

Human microflora is influenced by environmental factors and the competitive ecosystem of the organisms in the GI tract. Pathogenic significance should be based upon clinical symptoms.

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus refers to a group of gram-positive cocci bacteria within the Streptococcus genus. These bacteria exhibit alpha-hemolysis, a partial or "greening" hemolysis on blood agar.

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus can cause various infections in humans and animals, including streptococcal infections transmitted through coughs and sneezes. The viridans streptococci, another subgroup, are commensal bacteria that produce alpha-hemolysis.