Acetoacetic acid (=acetoacetate) is a ketone body and a weak Beta-keto acid produced from acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix of hepatocytes.

Volatile substances in the blood include ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Acetone is generally elevated in metabolic conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Methanol and isopropanol are highly toxic and result from exogenous ingestion.

The presence of acetone may indicate exposure to acetone; it is also a metabolite of isopropanol and may be detected during ketoacidosis.

At the normal neuromuscular junction, a nerve cell tells a muscle cell to contract by releasing the chemical acetylcholine (ACh). ACh attaches to the ACh receptor — a pore or “channel” in the surface of the muscle cell — twisting it open and allowing an inward flux of electrical current that triggers muscle contraction.

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that are located on muscles that you can consciously or voluntarily control (known as skeletal muscle fibers). This test detects and measures AChR antibodies in the blood.

Acinetobacter is a non-motile, gram-negative bacterium. Acinetobacter may cause infections of the lung, urinary tract, bloodstream or surgical wounds. Due to cross-reactivity with major neurological tissues, Acinetobacter has been shown to play a role in multiple sclerosis.

If the Acinetobacter level is equivocal, it means that the test results are unclear or borderline, not definitively indicating either a positive or negative result for the presence of Acinetobacter. This uncertainty could be due to various factors, such as low levels of antibodies, cross-reactivity with other pathogens, or technical variations in the test.

In this situation, the following steps are generally recommended:

1. Consult with Your Healthcare Provider: Discuss the equivocal result with your doctor, who can interpret the findings in the context of your overall health and symptoms.

2. Repeat the Test: Your doctor may suggest repeating the test after a certain period to see if the results become clearer. Sometimes, immune reactivity levels can change over time.

3. Additional Testing: Further diagnostic tests may be recommended to get a more definitive understanding. This could include blood tests, cultures, or imaging studies.

4. Review Symptoms and History: Your healthcare provider will consider your medical history, any current symptoms, and potential risk factors for Acinetobacter infection. This information can help determine the likelihood of an infection and guide further action.

5. Monitor Health: In the absence of symptoms, your doctor may recommend monitoring your health and watching for any signs of infection. If symptoms develop, prompt medical evaluation will be necessary.

6. Consider Possible Contamination or Technical Issues: Sometimes, an equivocal result may be due to technical issues or contamination. Ensuring the quality and accuracy of the testing process is important.

By taking these steps, you and your healthcare provider can work towards a clearer diagnosis and appropriate management plan.

Acinetobacter junii is rarely a cause of disease in humans. A. junii has mainly been associated with bacteremia in preterm infants and pediatric oncologic patients.

Acinetobacter junii is one of more than 50 different species belonging to the genus Acinetobacter, most of which are nonpathogenic environmental organisms. They may cause opportunistic infections only in people with compromised immune status or with an indwelling device (such as urinary catheters, vascular access devices, endotracheal tubes, tracheostomies, enteral feeding tubes and wound drains), or both.

Acinetobacter species are ubiquitous and can be isolated from many sources including soil, water, sewage, and food. Acinetobacter species can colonize skin, wounds, the oral mucosa, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Elevated in mitochrondrial disorders. Aconitase metabolizes citric and aconitic acids, and is dependent on glutathione.

Elevated in mitochrondrial disorders. Aconitase metabolizes citric and aconitic acids, and is dependent on glutathione.

Elevated in mitochrondrial disorders. Aconitase metabolizes citric and aconitic acids, and is dependent on glutathione.

Elevated in mitochrondrial disorders. Aconitase metabolizes citric and aconitic acids, and is dependent on glutathione.

Elevated in mitochrondrial disorders. Aconitase metabolizes citric and aconitic acids, and is dependent on glutathione.

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), a pituitary hormone, stimulates cortisol production from the adrenal glands. If ACTH levels are too low or too high, it can indicate that the pituitary or the adrenal glands are diseased.

Actin (Smooth Muscle) Antibody (IgG) - Actin is the major antigen to which smooth muscle antibodies react in autoimmune hepatitis.

F-Actin IGG antibodies are found in 52-85% of patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) or chronic active hepatitis and in 22% of patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Anti-Actin antibodies have been reported in 3-18% of sera from normal healthy controls.

Actinobacteria is one of the largest bacterial phyla, comprised of Gram-positive bacteria.

Actinobacteriota, formerly known as Actinobacteria, is a significant phylum within the gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in human health. On an adult gut health test, Actinobacteriota serves as a marker for assessing various aspects of gut function, including digestion, immune regulation, and the production of beneficial metabolites. This phylum is well known for containing bacterial genera such as Bifidobacterium, which are associated with positive health outcomes, including the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulation of inflammation, and inhibition of harmful pathogens.

One of the primary functions of Actinobacteriota in the gut is its involvement in carbohydrate metabolism. Many species within this group are adept at breaking down complex carbohydrates and fibers, which are not digestible by human enzymes, into SCFAs like acetate and butyrate. These metabolites serve as an energy source for colon cells, help maintain the integrity of the gut lining, and contribute to a balanced inflammatory response. Therefore, a healthy level of Actinobacteriota on a gut health test is often seen as indicative of a diet rich in fiber and prebiotics, which supports overall gut health.

However, an imbalance in Actinobacteriota levels can be a marker of gut dysbiosis, a condition where the microbial community in the gut is disturbed. Low levels of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium may indicate poor digestion of fiber, reduced SCFA production, and a higher risk of inflammatory conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Conversely, an overgrowth of certain Actinobacteriota species, particularly pathogenic strains, could be associated with conditions like small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) or contribute to metabolic disorders.