The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

CD4 and CD8 are two types of white blood cells in your blood. CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. They help the body fight infections. CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The absolute number of all CD8 cells, which include both killer and suppressor T cells. The normal range for an HIV-negative person is 150 to 1,000. It is usually higher in a person with HIV.

The Celery marker measures IgG antibodies to proteins found in celery. Results are reported as none detected, very low, low, moderate, or high. These levels reflect immune exposure and recognition rather than a true celery allergy. Interpretation should consider preparation method, portion size, and overall digestive and immune health.

CENP-A stands for centromere proteins A.

Centromere antibodies can be directed against a number of centromere proteins (CENP), including CENP-A, -B, and -C, though CENP-B is thought to be the main target.

These antibodies are found in 20% to 40% of patients with SSc and are associated with the lcSSc subtype.

Furthermore, centromere antibodies are included in the 2013 ACR-EULAR classification criteria. However, these antibodies can occur in other connective tissue diseases, including:

- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

- primary biliary cholangitis,

- rheumatoid arthritis,

- and Sjögren syndrome.

CENP-B is an antibody your immune system makes against a protein at the center of your chromosomes. A positive result is meaningful: it's one of the more specific antibodies in rheumatology, and it points toward limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (the condition once called CREST). But it's a different kind of test than most — it identifies which autoimmune pattern you're in, rather than measuring how active anything is, which is why the number doesn't grade severity and retesting it doesn't help. And it is not a diagnosis on its own: in the official diagnostic criteria, a positive centromere antibody is worth 3 points out of the 9 needed — your symptoms and physical exam carry more weight than the blood test. Many people are positive for years before anything appears, and some never develop the disease at all. This result is a reason to see a rheumatologist, not a verdict.

Centromere B Antibody is diagnostic for the form of scleroderma known as CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal immotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia).

With a high specificity and a prevalence of 80 to 95%, antibodies against centromeres are pathognomonic for the limited form of progressive systemic sclerosis and can be detected even before the onset of the disease. If the corresponding clinical indication is given, the quantitative determination of antibodies with a monospecific test system, e.g. the Anti-Centromeres ELISA, is recommended.

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood.

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood.

Fecal cesium (CS) provides an indication of recent oral exposure to the element, and to a much lesser extent Cs that has been excreted from the body in bile. Naturally occurring Cs is not radioactive and is referred to as stable Cs (Cs133). Cesium is a naturally occurring element found combined with other elements in rocks, soil, and dust in low amounts. Humans may be exposed to Cs at relatively low levels from air and diet. Cesium-chloride is used as a lubricant to facilitate drilling for oil and natural gas. As such Cs may contaminate surface and ground water, and certain crops in close proximity to drilling sites.

Naturally occurring Cs can be found in a stable form. Radioactive Cs is produced by the fission of uranium in fuel elements, usually near nuclear power plants. These are unstable but eventually become stable through radioactive decay. Some Cs can be found in air, water, and soil (and thereby food) based on location near nuclear plants.

Higher levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) have been linked to enhanced absorption of radioactive isotopes like cesium. Cs and potassium compete for uptake and cell membrane potential.