Beta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid involved in various metabolic processes in the body. It's not typically required from the diet because the body can produce it. In medical testing, the levels of beta-alanine in urine are measured to assess its concentration in the body.

Under normal conditions, beta-alanine is efficiently converted into other substances, including alpha-ketoglutarate, through a process that depends on vitamin B-6.

β-alanine is a breakdown product of carnosine and anserine, which are dipeptides from meat consumption. Although β-alanine’s properties are limited, its relationship to carnosine makes it important. Both have antioxidant properties. And, as previously mentioned, carnosine is critical for pH buffering in skeletal muscle during exercise, but its formation can be limited by enzymatic factors.

For this reason, supplementation with β-alanine is sometimes used to enhance carnitine and therefore improve athletic performance. In addition to diet and supplementation, β-alanine can also be endogenously produced. This occurs via degradation of uracil in the liver but it can also be made by intestinal bacteria such as E. coli.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) is an amino acid end product of the pyrimidine metabolism. It is excreted in small quantities into the urine in almost all human beings. Thymine, released when RNA and DNA are degraded, enters a catabolic pathway that leads to Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) is an amino acid end product of the pyrimidine metabolism. It is excreted in small quantities into the urine in almost all human beings. Thymine, released when RNA and DNA are degraded, enters a catabolic pathway that leads to Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.

Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) is an amino acid end product of the pyrimidine metabolism. It is excreted in small quantities into the urine in almost all human beings. Thymine, released when RNA and DNA are degraded, enters a catabolic pathway that leads to Beta-Aminoisobutyric Acid.

Beta-Carotene is an oxidative stress marker.

– Beta-Carotene is involved in antioxidant protection.

– Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the liver.

– Beta-carotene & other carotenoids are converted to vitamin A (retinol), involved in vision, antioxidant & immune function, gene expression & cell growth.

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme which is produced by colonocytes and by some intestinal bacteria (particularly E. coli, but also Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Clostridium).

Beta-glucuronidase breaks down complex carbohydrates and increases the bioavailability and reabsorption of plant polyphenols (lignans, flavonoids, ceramides, and glycyrrhetinic acid).

Beta-glucuronidase deconjugates glucuronide molecules from a variety of toxins, carcinogens, hormones (i.e. estrogens) and drugs.

Deconjugation permits reabsorption via enterohepatic circulation, with the potential to elevate systemic levels of potentially harmful compounds and hormones.

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by various types of bacteria in the gut and plays a key role in gut health. It is involved in the process of deconjugation of glucuronides, which are compounds formed in the liver to help detoxify substances like hormones, toxins, and drugs. Once these glucuronides reach the gut, beta-glucuronidase can break them down, leading to the reabsorption of the substances that were previously detoxified, which can have both beneficial and harmful effects depending on the compounds involved.

ß-Hydroxybutyrate is a metabolic marker of blood sugar utilization and insulin function.

ß-Hydroxybutyrate is a metabolic marker of blood sugar utilization and insulin function.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate is 1 of 3 sources of ketone bodies. Its relative proportion in the blood (78%) is greater than the other 2 ketone bodies, acetoacetate (20%) and acetone (2%). During carbohydrate deprivation (starvation, digestive disturbances, frequent vomiting), decreased carbohydrate utilization (diabetes mellitus), glycogen storage diseases, and alkalosis, acetoacetate production increases.

Beta-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body extensively measured in clinical diagnostics to assess and monitor ketosis and ketogenic states. BHB is produced in the liver from fatty acids during periods of low carbohydrate intake, fasting, prolonged exercise, or in pathological states such as diabetes mellitus. As a water-soluble molecule, BHB circulates throughout the body and can be utilized by various tissues, including the brain, as an alternative energy source when glucose availability is limited.

Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate is a sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency and is a metabolite of the amino acid isoleucine.

Until recently, biotin deficiency was very difficult to determine in humans because this vitamin deficiency affects health in ways that mimic many other conditions. Doctors were likely to overlook biotin deficiency until this test was discovered.

Beta-Hydroxyisovalerate is a sensitive indicator of biotin deficiency and is a metabolite of the amino acid isoleucine.

b-­Hydroxyisovaleric Acid [aka 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA)] is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced activity of this enzyme leads to an alternate pathway of metabolism resulting in 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid.

Ketone formed from acetyl CoA.