Anti-glycine receptor (Anti-GlyR) antibodies of the IgM class are a type of autoantibody directed against glycine receptors in the central nervous system. Glycine receptors are crucial for the regulation of motor and sensory pathways due to their inhibitory function in neurotransmission. When IgM antibodies bind to these receptors, they can disrupt normal inhibitory signaling, leading to a range of neurological symptoms.

The presence of anti-GlyR IgM is particularly significant because IgM is usually the first antibody class to rise in response to an antigen and can indicate an acute phase of an immune response. While less commonly discussed than IgG anti-GlyR antibodies, which are associated with conditions like stiff-person syndrome (SPS) and PERM (progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus), IgM antibodies may also be implicated in similar disorders or suggest a different aspect of the immune response.

Detection of ganglioside M1 (GM1) antibodies, usually of the IgM isotype, is associated with multi-focal motor neuropathy and lower motor neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. Multi-focal motor neuropathy may occur with or without high serum titers of anti-GM1 antibodies. GM1 antibodies are detected in approximately 50 % of persons with multi-focal motor neuropathy.

Detection of ganglioside M1 (GM1) antibodies, usually of the IgM isotype, is associated with multi-focal motor neuropathy and lower motor neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy. Multi-focal motor neuropathy may occur with or without high serum titers of anti-GM1 antibodies. GM1 antibodies are detected in approximately 50 % of persons with multi-focal motor neuropathy.

GM2 ganglioside is a potential peripheral nerve antigen for neuropathy-associated autoantibodies. Anti-GM2 IgM antibodies have been reported in some patients with dysimmune neuropathy or lower motor neuron syndrome, in whom they were often associated with a concomitant reactivity with GM1.

GM2 ganglioside is a potential peripheral nerve antigen for neuropathy-associated autoantibodies. Anti-GM2 IgM antibodies have been reported in some patients with dysimmune neuropathy or lower motor neuron syndrome, in whom they were often associated with a concomitant reactivity with GM1.

Histone antibodies are autoantibodies. These are antibodies produced by a person’s own immune system that target his or her own histones. Histones are proteins that are a part of chromatin, the genetic material present in the nucleus of almost all cells within the body. Because histones are found inside cells, this attack on “self” can cause symptoms throughout the body. This test detects the presence of histone antibodies in the blood.

Anti-HMGCR antibodies, also known as Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase antibodies, are a specific type of autoantibody targeting the HMGCR enzyme, a key component in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. These antibodies have gained significant attention in the field of rheumatology and autoimmunity, particularly in their association with statin-associated autoimmune myopathy, a condition characterized by progressive muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Patients who develop this condition, often in the context of statin therapy, produce Anti-HMGCR antibodies that are believed to mediate an autoimmune response against muscle fibers.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) is ubiquitous and contagious. As a neurotropic and neuroinvasive virus, HSV-1 persists in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. HSV-1 has been reported to have a pathogenesis role in Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and seropositivity to HSV-1 antibodies has been correlated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen.

→ Antibodies to Hu, Ri and Yo antigens are present in patients with paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome such as encephalomyelitis.

→ Hu antibodies are frequently associated with small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma.

→ Hu antibodies are rarely associated with non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer or seminoma.

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen.

→ Antibodies to Hu, Ri and Yo antigens are present in patients with paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome such as encephalomyelitis.

→ Hu antibodies are frequently associated with small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma.

→ Hu antibodies are rarely associated with non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer or seminoma.

The "Anti-Hydroxytryptamine" marker is an important indicator used to assess the potential for neurological disorders. Hydroxytryptamine, more commonly known as serotonin, is a crucial neurotransmitter in the human brain, playing a pivotal role in regulating mood, sleep, and digestion, among other vital functions. When the immune system produces antibodies against serotonin, indicated by the "Anti-Hydroxytryptamine" marker, it can signify an abnormal immune response that might affect neurological health. The presence of these antibodies could potentially lead to a variety of neurological conditions, as serotonin's normal function is disrupted, affecting the brain's communication pathways. 

These autoantibodies are found mainly in autoimmune encephalitis.

Anti-intermyofibrillar is a Antimyocardial Antibody (= AMA). AMAs are a sign of heart damage. Higher levels are linked to several forms of heart disease. They can be found in the blood before you have any symptoms of heart disease.

Having these antibodies can be a sign of swelling of the membrane around your heart (pericarditis). Some people also develop AMAs after heart surgery or a heart attack. After a heart attack, your body may make antibodies against the heart protein troponin. This can slow healing. Research is currently being done on how to prevent this.

You might also have an AMA test done if your healthcare provider thinks you have rheumatic heart disease. This disease can develop as a complication of rheumatic fever.