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Optimal range: 0.19 - 0.77 ug/g
3a-Dihydroprogesterone (3a-DHP), also known as 3a-hydroxyprogesterone, is an endogenous neurosteroid. It is biosynthesized by 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from progesterone. 3a-DHP has been found to act as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor and is described as being as active as allopregnanolone in regard to this action. In accordance, it has anxiolytic effects in animals. 3a-DHP has also been found to inhibit the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the rat pituitary gland, demonstrating possible antigonadotrophic properties.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 1 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 74.88 mmol/mol
4-Cresol has been used as a specific marker for Clostridium difficile.
Optimal range: 0 - 75 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Cresol has been used as a specific marker for Clostridium difficile.
Optimal range: 0 - 39 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Cresol has been used as a specific marker for Clostridium difficile.
Optimal range: 0 - 84 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
4-hydroxyphenyllactate is present in relatively higher concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and tyrosinemia.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.3 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid is a marker for intestinal dysbiosis.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.73 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid is a marker for intestinal dysbiosis.
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid is a marker for intestinal dysbiosis.
Optimal range: 1.4 - 15.7 nmol/mg Creatinine
(p-Hydroxybenzoate or 4-HB)
- One of the most abundant phenolates formed by the microbiota. It is a product of microbial transformation of dietary polyphenols and endogenous metabolites such as dopamine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
- It is found in red huckleberry, coriander, blueberry, Swiss chard, carrots, olive, and sour cherries.
- Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized in multiple steps from the precursor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. CoQ10 is composed of a benzoquinone ring.
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acid increased on a low FODMAP diet and is positively associated with Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and A. muciniphilia, and negatively with Actinobacteria.
- 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is the common metabolite of all parabens, structurally related benzoic acid (without the OH group) and has potential endocrine activity.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.8 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.4 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.3 mmol/mol creatinine
A moderate urinary increase in 4-hydroxybutyric acid may be due to intake of dietary supplements containing 4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Very high levels may indicate the genetic disorder 3-methylglutaconic aciduria involving succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.
