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Optimal range: 0 - 1.2 ng/mg
Research and clinical studies show that the 2-hydroxylated estrogens (2-OH E2 and 2-OH E1) are a safer pathway of hydroxylation than the 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OH E2 and 4-OH E1), which bind to and damage DNA, leading to mutations that are associated with increased breast cancer risk.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.3 ng/mg
Research and clinical studies show that the 2-hydroxylated estrogens (2-OH E2 and 2-OH E1) are a safer pathway of hydroxylation than the 4-hydroxyestrogens (4-OH E2 and 4-OH E1), which bind to and damage DNA, leading to mutations that are associated with increased breast cancer risk.
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Moderate increase may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or thiamine/lipoic acid deficiency. Significant elevations are associated with genetic issues, MSUD, and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Slight elevations may be due to deficiencies of the vitamins thiamine or lipoic acid.
- Elevated values are also associated with the genetic diseases maple syrup urine disease or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, also known as 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate or 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thia fatty acids. Thia substituted fatty acids are saturated fatty acids which are modified by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the carbon backbone.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, also known as 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate or 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thia fatty acids. Thia substituted fatty acids are saturated fatty acids which are modified by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the carbon backbone.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.18 mmol/mol
2-Oxo-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, also known as 4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-oxobutanoate or 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thia fatty acids. Thia substituted fatty acids are saturated fatty acids which are modified by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the carbon backbone.
Elevated in an inborn error of methionine metabolism. Con firmation of the genetic disorder requires testing of plasma amino acids.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
2-OXO-Butyric Acid is also known as Alpha-ketobutyric acid.
- Alpha-ketobutyric acid results from the breakdown of threonine or methionine during glutathione production.
- Specifically, cystathionine is metabolized to alpha-ketobutyric acid and cysteine.
- a- ketobutyric acid enters the mitochondrial matrix and get converted to propionyl-CoA by the branched chain keto-acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDHC) and enters the Krebs cycle at succinyl-CoA.
- Evaluate lactate and the branched chain keto acids
- Evaluate alpha-hydroxybutyric acid
- Associated Nutrients: Vitamin B3
- a -Ketobutyric acid is produced from cystine, along with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a by-product.
- a- Ketobutyric acid is reversibly converted to a- hydroxybutyric acid.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 33 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 35 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 18 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 96 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 34.77 mmol/mol
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 4 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.41 mmol/mol
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
A moderate increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites in urine may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or de ficiencies of the vitamins, thiamine or lipoic acid. A signi ficant increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites is associated with the genetic disorders, maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and pyruvate dehydrogenase de ficiency. Patients with slight to moderate elevations may use dietary supplements containing thiamine to improve clinical symptoms.
