Testosterone and DHEA are metabolized into what are collectively known as the 17-ketosteroids.

17-OHP is produced by the adrenal gland as part of the process of making the important hormone cortisol. The adrenal glands are two small glands. One is located on top of each kidney. Along with special enzymes, or proteins, 17-OH progesterone is converted to a hormone called cortisol.

The hormone 17-hydroxyprogesterone is produced by the adrenal glands. 17-OHPg is converted to cortisol, which is released in varying amounts, but at particularly high levels during times of physical or emotional stress. A cortisol deficiency can occur in certain people which can lead to an increase in 17-OH progesterone in the blood. LCMS saliva testing has allowed accurate determination of 17-OH progesterone along with other androgens, correlating with serum levels and allowing useful steroid profiling in disorders of steroid metabolism19. High levels of 17-OHPg can indicate CAH. CAH is a glandular disorder that results in the adrenal glands being unable to create enough cortisol, which may consequently increase the production of DHEA and testosterone.

Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

This particular marker is called 18 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. 

IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure. 
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time. 

The 2-hour blood sugar level in a glucose tolerance test (GTT) is a critical marker for assessing glucose metabolism and diagnosing conditions like diabetes and pre-diabetes. This test is a cornerstone in diabetes management and is especially vital during pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes. After fasting overnight, your initial blood sugar level is measured. Then, you consume a glucose-rich drink, and your blood sugar levels are tested again at various intervals, with the 2-hour mark being particularly significant. Under normal circumstances, the body efficiently processes the glucose, and blood sugar levels should fall back to less than 140 mg/dL within 2 hours.

If the 2-hour blood sugar level in a glucose tolerance test (GTT) is significantly low, it may indicate a condition called reactive hypoglycemia. This condition occurs when your blood sugar drops excessively after eating. Normally, the body regulates blood glucose levels efficiently, but in reactive hypoglycemia, this regulation is disrupted, leading to a rapid decline in blood sugar levels after carbohydrate intake.

2-Methylhippuric Acid (2MHA), 3-Methylhippuric Acid (3MHA), 4-Methylhippuric Acid (4MHA) -- These are metabolites of xylenes, solvents found in paints, lacquers, cleaning agents, pesticides, and gasoline. Exposure to xylenes generates methylhippuric acid isomers.

2-Methylhippuric Acid (2MHA), 3-Methylhippuric Acid (3MHA), 4-Methylhippuric Acid (4MHA)
These are metabolites of xylenes, solvents found in paints, lacquers, cleaning agents, pesticides, and gasoline. Exposure to xylenes generates methylhippuric acid isomers.

2,3,4-Methylhippuric Acid (2,3,4-MHA) is a metabolite of xylene, a solvent commonly used in industrial and commercial products like paints, varnishes, adhesives, and gasoline. Elevated levels of 2,3,4-MHA in urine typically indicate significant exposure to xylene, especially in occupational settings such as paint manufacturing, chemical production, and printing. Environmental exposure can also occur in areas with high vehicular emissions or nearby industrial activities, while consumer product exposure may happen through the use of xylene-containing products like solvents and cleaning supplies. Chronic or prolonged exposure to xylene, reflected by elevated 2,3,4-MHA levels, can lead to neurotoxic effects, including headaches, dizziness, and memory issues, as well as respiratory symptoms like coughing and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure can also result in liver and kidney damage, and may affect cardiovascular health, potentially causing changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, xylene exposure has been linked to reproductive health concerns, including potential birth defects or developmental delays in infants. Monitoring 2,3,4-MHA levels is crucial for identifying individuals at risk and taking preventive measures to reduce exposure in both occupational and environmental contexts.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.