S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)—also known as SAMe—is a vital methyl donor molecule that supports hundreds of biochemical reactions throughout the body. Formed from the amino acid methionine and ATP, SAM plays an essential role in methylation, the process of transferring methyl groups (-CH3) to other molecules. This seemingly small chemical action regulates gene expression, neurotransmitter balance, detoxification, energy metabolism, and cell membrane integrity.

On the Neurotransmitter XL panel, SAM is a key marker for assessing methylation capacity, neurotransmitter metabolism, and cellular energy regulation. Balanced SAM levels ensure efficient breakdown and recycling of neurotransmitters like dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline, as well as proper support of the BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) cycle—an essential cofactor system for serotonin and catecholamine synthesis.

S-Adenosyl Homocysteine, often referred to as SAH, is a metabolite that plays a crucial role in various biochemical processes within the human body. SAH is a key intermediate in the methylation cycle, which is essential for the methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, and other molecules. Methylation is a fundamental cellular process that regulates gene expression, supports the synthesis of neurotransmitters, and influences various biochemical reactions. SAH is formed when S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe), a methyl donor, transfers its methyl group to various substrates.

S-Adenosyl Methionine, commonly known as SAMe, is a naturally occurring compound found in the human body and also available as a dietary supplement. SAMe plays a fundamental role in numerous biochemical reactions, particularly in the methylation process, where it donates methyl groups to various substrates, thereby participating in essential cellular processes. SAMe is considered a critical methyl donor in biological methylation reactions, which are involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, DNA, RNA, and the regulation of gene expression.

S-Adenosylhomocysteine (RBC) reflects how efficiently your body carries out methylation, a process essential for DNA repair, detoxification, neurotransmitter balance, and cellular function. SAH is a natural byproduct of methylation, but when levels rise, it can block methylation enzymes and reduce cellular performance. Measuring SAH inside red blood cells provides a stable view of methylation status and can help identify nutrient deficiencies, metabolic stress, or imbalances in the SAM/SAH cycle.

S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is the end-product of methylation reactions in the body. SAM ultimately donates a methyl group for methylation (DNA, detoxification, etc.) resulting in SAH formation. SAH is also the metabolic precursor of all the homocysteine (Hcy) produced in the body. In literature, SAH is sometimes referred to as AdoHcy.

S-Adenosylmethionine (RBC) reflects your body’s long-term ability to carry out methylation—the essential process that supports DNA repair, detoxification, neurotransmitter production, and overall cellular health. Measuring SAM inside red blood cells provides a stable view of methylation status and folate-cycle activity, helping identify nutrient deficiencies, metabolic stress, or functional imbalances that may affect energy, mood, inflammation, and detoxification pathways.

- The methylation cycle is all about making sure there is adequate SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)

- SAM is overwhelmingly the body’s main methyl donor

- Think of SAM as the body’s methylation currency

- SAM can donate a methyl group wherever it is needed

Group B strep (streptococcus) is a common bacterium often carried in the intestines or lower genital tract. The bacterium is usually harmless in healthy adults. In newborns, however, it can cause a serious illness known as group B strep disease.

Group B strep can also cause dangerous infections in adults with certain chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or liver disease. Older adults are at increased risk of illness due to group B strep, too.

If you're a healthy adult, there's nothing you need to do about group B strep. If you're pregnant, get a group B strep screening test during your third trimester. If you have group B strep, antibiotic treatment during labor can protect your baby.

S100 refers to a family of calcium-binding proteins found in various cells throughout the body. In clinical testing, "S100" almost always refers to S100B — the subtype used as a serum biomarker.

S100B plays a role in cell growth, differentiation, and cellular stress responses. Under normal conditions, only very small amounts circulate in the blood. Levels rise when cells are damaged or proliferating abnormally — most significantly in malignant melanoma and in neurological injury.

This marker may appear on your lab report as S100, S100B, or S100 (Malignant Melanoma).

Fecal S100A12 is a novel noninvasive marker that distinguishes children with active IBD from healthy control subjects. Anti-inflammatory diet along with supplements such as fish oils, and N-acetyl glucosamine should be considered.

Saccharomyces boulardii is a beneficial probiotic yeast that helps support gut balance, protect against harmful microbes, and maintain a healthy immune response in the digestive tract. Levels outside the expected range may reflect changes in microbiome diversity, digestive stress, recent supplementation, or imbalances affecting overall gut stability.

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are immune proteins found in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a chronic condition characterized by swollen and damaged tissues in the intestinal tract. The ASCA test detects these antibodies in the blood. ASCA can help distinguish between Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

IgA and IgG antibody testing for S. cerevisiae is useful adjunct testing for differentiating Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Close to 80% of Crohn's disease patients are positive for either IgA or IgG. In ulcerative colitis, less than 15% are positive for IgG and less than 2% are positive for IgA. Fewer than 5% are positive for either IgG or IgA antibody, and no healthy controls had antibody for both.

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are immune proteins found in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a chronic condition characterized by swollen and damaged tissues in the intestinal tract. The ASCA test detects these antibodies in the blood. ASCA can help distinguish between Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).