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Optimal range: 390 - 1500 ug/g
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 360 - 1800 ug/g creat
Dopac (aka 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine serves as the reward and pleasure center in the brain. DOPAC and HVA (Homovanillic Acid) are dopamine metabolites.
DOPAC levels, when viewed in conjunction with dopamine levels, may provide insight into how the body processes neurotransmitters.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.05 mcg/mg creatinine
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionate seems to be strongly associated with a troublesome type of bacteria called Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0 - 5.3 mmol/mol creatinine
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionate seems to be strongly associated with a troublesome type of bacteria called Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.01 ug/mg creatinine
Sources of Exposure:
- Mainly by inhalation of vapors.
- Production occurs during petroleum refining.
- Primary use is as a motor fuel additive.
- Automotive emissions, poor emission-control devices on older vehicles, poor maintenance practices, diesel engine exhaust.
- Solvent in coatings, paint thinners, wood preservatives, cleaners, dry cleaners, degreasers, aerosols, pesticides, printing and inks.
- Component of white spirit, the most widely used solvent in the paint and coating industry.
Optimal range: 0 - 521.8 nmol/mg Creatinine
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was highly correlated with intake of whole-grain bread and breakfast cereals, and a primary metabolite of alkylresorcinols, a biomarker for whole-grain intake.
Alkylresorcinols are a naturally occurring type of phenolic lipid found in high concentrations in the outer layer and bran of cereal grain, primarily wheat and rye.
Optimal range: 3.4 - 17.7 ug/mg CR
Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.
Optimal range: 0.14 - 38.95 mmol/mol
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0.17 - 39 mmol/mol creatinine
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0 - 26 mmol/mol creatinine
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0 - 88 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 7 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 21 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 3.1 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 24 mg/g creat
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.9 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.8 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.5 mmol/mol
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 6.2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
