CD20 is a cell surface protein primarily expressed on the surface of B-cells, a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. The CD20 molecule plays a critical role in the development, differentiation, and function of B-cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. It acts as a calcium channel, helping regulate the flow of calcium ions into the cell, a process essential for B-cell activation and immune function. CD20 is not expressed on early B-cell precursors or on plasma cells, which means its expression is limited to specific stages in B-cell maturation.

Because CD20 is highly expressed on the surface of mature B-cells, it has become an important biomarker in diagnosing and treating various B-cell-related diseases, particularly B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These cancers are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of B-cells, and CD20 serves as a target for therapies designed to eliminate these malignant cells. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, was one of the first therapeutic agents to target this protein, marking a significant advance in cancer treatment.

CD3+ cells are all T-lymphocytes, which includes both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte cells.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

The biomarker CD3+/CD4-/CD8- identifies a unique subset of T lymphocytes that express the CD3 surface protein but lack both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. These cells are often referred to as double-negative T cells (DN T cells) due to their absence of CD4 and CD8 expression. DN T cells represent a small fraction of the total T cell population in peripheral blood, typically accounting for less than 5% of T cells.

The biomarker CD3+/CD4-/CD8- identifies a unique subset of T lymphocytes that express the CD3 surface protein but lack both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. These cells are often referred to as double-negative T cells (DN T cells) due to their absence of CD4 and CD8 expression. DN T cells represent a small fraction of the total T cell population in peripheral blood, typically accounting for less than 5% of T cells.

The CD3-/CD16+CD56+ (%) test is a sophisticated diagnostic assay crucial in the field of immunology, offering invaluable insights into the functioning of the body’s immune system. This test specifically measures the percentage of natural killer (NK) cells, identified by the absence of CD3 and the presence of CD16 and CD56 markers, in the total lymphocyte population. NK cells are a vital component of the innate immune system, playing a key role in the body’s first line of defense against tumors, virally infected cells, and in modulating immune responses. The CD3-/CD16+CD56+ (%) test is pivotal in evaluating various immune conditions, including autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and certain cancers.

The "CD3-/CD16+CD56+ (Absolute)" marker is a crucial measure for evaluating the absolute count of Natural Killer (NK) cells in your blood. NK cells are a vital type of lymphocyte, which is a category of white blood cells that play a key role in your body's first line of defense in its immune response. These cells are unique because they lack the CD3 marker, a characteristic typically found on T cells, and instead, are identified by the presence of CD16 and CD56 markers.

Understanding the absolute count of NK cells, rather than just their percentage among lymphocytes, provides a clearer picture of how equipped your immune system is to combat infections and potentially cancerous cells. NK cells are essentially the body’s natural surveillance system, capable of destroying cells that have become infected or have undergone malignant transformation, without the need for prior activation.

The marker "CD3/CD8/CD45RO" is used in immunological studies to identify and characterize a specific subset of T cells known as memory T cells. CD3 is a marker found on all T cells, indicating their role in the immune system, while CD8 is present on cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells. CD45RO is a marker that distinguishes memory T cells from naive T cells; it indicates that these cells have previously encountered an antigen and are primed for a faster and more efficient response upon re-exposure.

The marker "CD3/gamma-delta" on a T Cell Monitoring & Activation panel refers to a unique subset of T cells known as gamma-delta T cells. These cells are characterized by their T-cell receptor (TCR) composition, which includes a gamma chain and a delta chain, distinguishing them from the more common alpha-beta T cells, which have alpha and beta chains in their TCRs. Gamma-delta T cells are a critical component of the immune system, bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. Unlike conventional alpha-beta T cells, gamma-delta T cells can recognize antigens without the need for presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, allowing for a rapid response to a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and tumors.

The CD4 cells are Helper T-cells expressing both CD3 and CD4.

CD4 T-cells levels are a criterion for categorizing HIV-related clinical conditions by CDC's classification system for HIV infection. The measurement of CD4 T-cell levels has been used to establish decision points for initiating P. jirovecii prophylaxis, antiviral therapy and to monitor the efficacy of treatment. The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended that CD4 T-cell levels be monitored every 3 to 6 months in all HIV-infected persons.

During HIV infection, antiviral therapy is often initiated when the absolute CD4 count drops below 500 cells/µL. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 200 cells/µL, therapeutic prophylaxis against PCP and other opportunistic infections may be initiated. When the absolute CD4 count drops below 100 cells/µL, prophylaxis against Mycobacterium avium complex is recommended.

This test looks at the ratio of two important types of white blood cells in your blood.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. This test looks at two of them, CD4 and CD8.

CD4 cells lead the fight against infections. CD8 cells can kill cancer cells and other invaders.

This test looks at the ratio of two important types of white blood cells in your blood.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. This test looks at two of them, CD4 and CD8.

CD4 cells lead the fight against infections. CD8 cells can kill cancer cells and other invaders.

This test looks at the ratio of two important types of white blood cells in your blood.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. This test looks at two of them, CD4 and CD8.

CD4 cells lead the fight against infections. CD8 cells can kill cancer cells and other invaders.

CD56 is an adhesion molecule mediating homophilic and heterophilic adhesion in neurons, natural killer cells, and a small subset of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. It is expressed in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation (small cell lung carcinoma and neural-derived tumors) or natural killer cell lineage (subset of lymphomas). In normal small intestine, the ganglion cells in the muscle wall and nerves will show strong staining. Scattered lymphocytes may also be positive.

CD56 is an adhesion molecule mediating homophilic and heterophilic adhesion in neurons, natural killer cells, and a small subset of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. It is expressed in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation (small cell lung carcinoma and neural-derived tumors) or natural killer cell lineage (subset of lymphomas). In normal small intestine, the ganglion cells in the muscle wall and nerves will show strong staining. Scattered lymphocytes may also be positive.

CD56+CD3- % is a key immunological marker identifying natural killer (NK) cells, essential in innate immunity. Elevated levels can indicate an active immune response or certain malignancies, while decreased levels may suggest impaired immunity, as seen in HIV/AIDS or post-chemotherapy. This parameter is crucial in transplant immunology for monitoring immune reconstitution and in assessing the effectiveness of immunotherapies, particularly in cancer treatments. CD56+CD3- % thus plays a significant role in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating immune and hematological disorders.

CD56+CD3- (absolute) cells are crucial in the immune system, primarily acting as natural killer (NK) cells. Their unique combination of CD56 positivity and CD3 negativity makes them essential for defending against pathogens and cancer cells. These cells are pivotal in diagnosing and managing immune-related conditions and cancers, highlighting their role in personalized medicine.

The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

The CD57 test is offered in some clinical laboratories and is being used by some health practitioners to evaluate and follow patients diagnosed with chronic Lyme disease.

This figure is rarely used for making treatment decisions.

CD4 and CD8 are two types of white blood cells in your blood. CD4 cells are also called T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. They help the body fight infections. CD8 cells are also called cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. They help fight cancer and germs that live inside your cells (intracellular pathogens).

The absolute number of all CD8 cells, which include both killer and suppressor T cells. The normal range for an HIV-negative person is 150 to 1,000. It is usually higher in a person with HIV.