Verrucarin J

check icon Optimal Result: 0 - 5.18 ng/g.

What this marker shows

Verrucarin J is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin most often associated with Stachybotrys chartarum (“black mold”) and a few related fungi. In this panel, Verrucarin J is measured in urine (typically by LC-MS/MS) and normalized to urine creatinine to account for dilution; elevated values suggest recent exposure and excretion over the prior days to weeks, rather than lifetime body stores. 

Why clinicians care

Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxins, roridins, verrucarins) are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis via interaction with the ribosomal peptidyl-transferase center, which can trigger cellular stress and downstream inflammatory effects at sufficient doses. Human symptom patterns from indoor exposure are nonspecific (airway and mucous-membrane irritation, cough, wheeze, headache, fatigue), so results are interpreted in context of exposure history and building conditions. 

Common exposure sources

  • Water-damaged buildings with active dampness/leaks supporting growth of Stachybotrys; macrocyclic trichothecenes can become airborne on spores and smaller fragments and be inhaled. 

  • Any setting with chronic moisture problems (plumbing leaks, roof/condensate intrusion, flooding, poorly ventilated bathrooms/basements). Public-health guidance treats all indoor molds similarly: fix moisture, remove growth safely, and don’t rely on species identification to decide about cleanup. 

How to read your result

  • At or below your lab’s reference range: Consistent with the reference population used for this assay.

  • Above range: Indicates higher-than-expected recent exposure. A single urine value cannot pinpoint timing or dose, and inter-individual excretion varies; trend results and match them to exposure changes. (Because urine concentration fluctuates with hydration, use creatinine-corrected results and try to collect under similar conditions when comparing over time.) 

What can raise or skew this result?

  • Recent time in a damp/water-damaged space (home, office, school), disturbance of contaminated materials, or inadequate containment during renovations. 

  • Sample timing and hydration: Very dilute or concentrated urine can complicate comparisons—stick with creatinine-corrected values and consistent collection timing. 

Practical next steps (if elevated)

  1. Eliminate moisture and visible growth: Address leaks at the source, dry wet materials quickly, and remove mold-damaged porous materials that can’t be cleaned effectively (e.g., drywall, carpet, ceiling tiles). Follow established remediation practices (containment, dust suppression, HEPA filtration). 

  2. Improve air and surface hygiene: Use local exhaust/ventilation, HEPA vacuuming, and damp-wiping to minimize dust; avoid uncontained demolition that can aerosolize fragments. 

  3. Personal measures during cleanup: Consider competent professionals for larger jobs; if you must assist, use appropriate PPE (at minimum, a well-fitting respirator and eye/skin protection). 

  4. Health follow-up: If symptoms persist or your value remains high after remediation, discuss with a clinician familiar with indoor environmental exposures. Many providers re-check urine in ~2–3 weeks after source control under similar collection conditions to confirm a downward trend. 

Science corner

  • Stachybotrys can produce multiple macrocyclic trichothecenes—including satratoxins, roridins, and verrucarins (e.g., Verrucarin J)—depending on strain/chemotype and substrate; production on common building materials has been demonstrated experimentally. 

  • Airborne transport of macrocyclic trichothecenes from Stachybotrys has been documented, supporting inhalation as a plausible indoor exposure route. 

  • At the cellular level, trichothecenes bind ribosomes and halt translation, a well-characterized mechanism underlying their cytotoxic potency. 


Bottom line: Verrucarin J in urine reflects recent contact with water-damage–related mycotoxins (most often from Stachybotrys). If your value is above range, prioritize moisture control and proper remediation, minimize dust/aerosols during cleanup, and retest after changes to document improvement. Public-health guidance emphasizes fixing the building first; targeted clinical evaluation is considered when symptoms persist despite successful remediation. 

What does it mean if your Verrucarin J result is too high?

Verrucarin J, also known as Muconomycin B, is a potent trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi in the Myrothecium group. It has been studied for its ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger apoptosis (programmed cell death) in various cancer cell lines, including A549 (lung), HCT 116 (colon), and SW-620 (metastatic colon). Verrucarin J also exhibits antimicrobial activity against fungi such as Candida albicans and Mucor miehei.


Associated Health Risks
Exposure to Verrucarin J can result in serious toxic effects, including:

  • Immune suppression

  • Cytotoxicity and cellular damage

  • Skin necrosis, hemorrhage, and anemia

  • Granulocytopenia and oral epithelial lesions

  • Hematopoietic dysfunction, alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA)

  • Hypotension and coagulation disorders

Its toxicity stems from its ability to disrupt key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and mitochondrial function, while generating oxidative stress.


Possible Sources of Exposure
Verrucarin J is produced by Stachybotrys chartarum (black mold), commonly found in moist, water-damaged indoor environments. It poses a risk through:

  • Inhalation of airborne mycotoxins in mold-contaminated spaces

  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water

  • Dermal absorption, due to its ability to penetrate cell membranes

Because it is a lipophilic and low-molecular-weight toxin, Verrucarin J is capable of spreading easily throughout the body once absorbed.


Detoxification Strategies

  • Activated charcoal can bind Verrucarin J in the gastrointestinal tract, aiding in its excretion via the bowels. For best results, it should be taken away from meals, medications, and supplements.

  • Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and selenium can help counteract the damaging effects of ROS triggered by this toxin.

  • A supportive diet rich in probiotics, essential nutrients, high-quality proteins, and healthy fats may help reduce inflammation and support recovery from mycotoxin-related symptoms.

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