Total w3

Optimal Result: 0.12 - 0.55 mmol/L.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been linked to healthy aging throughout our lifespan - from fetal development to prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and used in cell membrane production, function, and overall gene expression. Most standard American diets are deficient in common n-3 food sources such as flax, oily fish, nuts, and green leafy vegetables. Deficiencies in n-3 have been correlated with many clinical conditions such as neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, mood disorders, skin abnormalities, visual changes, and cancer.

References:

- Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients. 2016;8(1).

- Swanson D, Block R, Mousa SA. Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA: Health Benefits Throughout Life. Advances in Nutrition. 2012;3(1):1-7.

- Richardson AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. International review of psychiatry. 2006;18(2):155-172.

- Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. circulation. 2002;106(21):2747-2757.

- SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2005;24(1):87- 138.

- McCusker MM, Grant-Kels JM. Healing fats of the skin: the structural and immunologic roles of the ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids. Clinics in dermatology. 2010;28(4):440-451.

- Riediger ND, Othman RA, Suh M, Moghadasian MH. A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109(4):668-679.

- Borow KM, Nelson JR, Mason RP. Biologic plausibility, cellular effects, and molecular mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(1):357-366.

- Chang JP, Su KP, Mondelli V, Pariante CM. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials and Biological Studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(3):534-545.

- Cormier H, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Julien P, Vohl M-C. Effects of FADS and ELOVL polymorphisms on indexes of desaturase and elongase activities: results from a pre-post fish oil supplementation. Genes & nutrition. 2014;9(6):437.

- Das UN. Arachidonic acid in health and disease with focus on hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A review. Journal of advanced research. 2018;11:43-55.

What does it mean if your Total w3 result is too low?

The reference ranges for omega-3 fatty acids are onetailed since their health benefits are well-studied and deficiencies are associated with many clinical conditions. Low levels can be seen with decreased dietary intake of n-3 containing foods. Gastrointestinal malabsorption or maldigestion should also be considered. Additionally, desaturase and elongase enzymes are used to metabolize and create n-3 fatty acids from the essential alpha-linolenic acid. Lack of vitamin or mineral cofactors for these enzymes, or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can contribute to lower, or sometimes higher levels of each. Nutrients such as zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin B3, and magnesium are important cofactors for fatty acid metabolism. Other enzymatic influences such as alcohol, cortisol, and adrenocorticoids can also influence these enzymes. It should also be noted that there is competition between the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for use of the desaturase and elongase enzymes which may alter levels of fatty acid metabolites.

Frequently asked questions

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Yes, you can. When entering values for the biomarker, you will see an "Edit Range" button. Click this button, and you'll have the option to enter a custom range.

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