Other names: Parvovirus B19, IgG
Optimal Result:
0 - 0.89 Units.
Parvovirus B19 – quick facts:
- Parvovirus B19 causes an infection.
- Most people get it in late winter or early spring.
- Adults with the virus may have pain in their joints.
- The virus can cause cold-like symptoms.
- It primarily affects children and causes a rash on the face, trunk, and limbs.
- Also known as fifth disease because it is the fifth of six common childhood illnesses that can cause rashes.
- Infection during pregnancy can lead to complications.
- Patients with sickle cell anemia or similar types of chronic anemia can suffer from acute anemia.
Source and transmission:
The virus is found in respiratory droplets during an infection and is easily transmitted to others through close physical contact. Parvovirus can also be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus and transmitted through exposure to blood and blood products.
Symptoms of Parvovirus B19:
The majority of people may not know that they have had a parvovirus B19 infection. They do not experience any significant symptoms and once the initial infection resolves, they become immune and will not get the infection again.
Symptoms for many may include flu-like symptoms, such as:
- joint pain and swelling (predominantly in adults)
- fatigue
- a slight fever
- headache
- or an upset stomach
Some severe cases, however, have been tied to chronic arthritis and even to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Prevalence in the US:
In the United States, as many as 50% of adults and 85% of the elderly have been infected with parvovirus B19, usually as children or young adults. The infection typically has an incubation period of several days to 2-3 weeks, is active for a short period, and then begins to resolve.
Parvovirus B19 can cause major health problems in three types of patients:
- People with iron deficiency anemia or a condition that affects or shortens the life of red blood cells (RBCs), such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia, may develop severe acute anemia during a parvovirus B19 infection. Parvovirus B19 targets cells in the bone marrow that become RBCs and disrupts the production of new RBCs, which can more severely affect those with underlying blood disorders.
- Women who are infected during pregnancy can pass the infection to their babies. Most fetuses will be fine, but a small percentage will develop severe anemia and a few may have an inflammation and infection of the heart muscle (myocarditis). These conditions can cause miscarriage, congestive heart failure in the fetus, hydrops fetalis (associated with fluid accumulation), and sometimes stillbirth. The greatest risk for fetal complications is during the second trimester of pregnancy.
- In those with compromised immune systems, a parvovirus B19 infection may cause chronic anemia and be challenging to resolve. This includes people with HIV/AIDS, those who have had organ or bone marrow transplants, and those undergoing chemotherapy treatment for cancer.
When is a Parvovirus B19 test necessary?
Parvovirus B19 testing is not typically used to screen the general population and is not deemed necessary in most cases of infection because symptoms are mild and time-limited. It is usually ordered to determine whether someone is currently, or has recently been, infected with parvovirus only if they are at risk of complications. It may also sometimes be ordered to determine whether someone has ever been exposed to parvovirus.
Result interpretation:
| Parvovirus B19 IgM | Parvovirus B19 IgG | Interpretation |
| Negative | Negative | Implies no past infection or exposure to parvovirus B19. Patient may be susceptible to parvovirus B19 infection |
| Negative | Positive | Implies past exposure/infection and minimal risk of repeat parvovirus B19 infection |
| Equivocal | Positive or negative | May indicate current or recent parvovirus B19 infection. Recommendation to test a new, convalescent specimen collected in 1 to 2 weeks |
| Positive | Positive | Suggests current or recent parvovirus B19 infection |
| Positive | Negative or equivocal | Suggests current or recent parvovirus B19 infection. Recommendation to test a new, convalescent specimen collected in 1 to 2 weeks. |
Sources:
- Parvovirus B19: What You Should Know (https://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0201/p377.html)
- About Parvovirus B19 (https://www.cdc.gov/parvovirusb19/about-parvovirus.html)
If your lab report shows Parvovirus B19, IgG is elevated, this most often means you were infected with Parvovirus B19 at some point in the past, and your immune system successfully responded. In many cases, an elevated IgG result reflects immune “memory” rather than a current, active infection.
This can be reassuring for many people, because IgG antibodies usually appear after infection and can remain detectable for years (sometimes lifelong).
Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that infects humans. It is best known for causing:
“Fifth disease” (erythema infectiosum) in children, often with a mild rash
Flu-like symptoms or mild illness in adults
In some cases, joint pain, temporary anemia, or more serious complications in higher-risk individuals
Parvovirus B19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing), and sometimes through blood exposure or pregnancy-related transmission (from mother to fetus).
IgG (Immunoglobulin G) is a type of antibody your body makes as part of a longer-term immune response.
Think of antibodies in two broad categories:
IgM: often rises first during a recent or active infection
IgG: usually rises later and is associated with past exposure and longer-term immunity
So, when Parvovirus B19 IgG is elevated, it typically means:
You were exposed in the past
Your immune system developed antibodies
Your body “remembers” the virus
An elevated IgG level commonly means you had Parvovirus B19 before (even if you don’t remember being sick) and your immune system produced antibodies.
Many infections are mild or mistaken for a cold, so it’s very common to have IgG positivity without a clear history of illness.
IgG alone does not prove you currently have an active infection, and it does not necessarily mean you can spread the virus right now.
Many labs flag IgG as “high” simply because it is above the negative cutoff. In other words:
“High” often means positive
Not necessarily “dangerously high”
Unlike some biomarkers where “high = harmful,” IgG antibody levels are usually interpreted as positive vs. negative, not as a “more is worse” situation.
Even though elevated IgG often indicates past infection and immunity, it can be clinically important in certain situations:
Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy can, in rare cases, affect the fetus. The key point is:
IgG positive (especially with IgM negative) usually suggests past infection and likely immunity
IgM positive or rising antibody levels may suggest recent infection, which requires closer follow-up
If you are pregnant (or planning pregnancy), your clinician may order:
Parvovirus B19 IgM
Repeat testing to look for rising titers
Sometimes PCR testing (viral DNA) if there’s concern for active infection
Parvovirus B19 can temporarily suppress red blood cell production. This is most important for people with:
chronic hemolytic anemia (such as sickle cell disease)
other causes of high red blood cell turnover
unexplained severe fatigue with abnormal blood counts
In these cases, doctors may evaluate for active infection (often with IgM and/or PCR), because IgG alone doesn’t confirm current activity.
People with weakened immune systems may not clear the virus normally, and Parvovirus B19 can sometimes contribute to persistent anemia. If you have:
transplant history
chemotherapy
advanced immune suppression
certain immune disorders
Your doctor may interpret the result differently and may use PCR testing to check for ongoing infection.
Parvovirus B19 can trigger joint pain and stiffness, especially in adults, sometimes resembling inflammatory arthritis. If you have persistent symptoms, your provider may correlate IgG with:
symptom timeline
inflammatory markers
other autoimmune testing
However, IgG positivity alone doesn’t prove the virus is the cause of your current symptoms, because many people remain IgG positive long after recovery.
Many people with Parvovirus B19 exposure have mild symptoms or none at all. When symptoms occur, they may include:
low-grade fever
fatigue
sore throat or cold-like symptoms
headache
rash (more common in children)
joint pain or swelling (more common in adults)
If you only have IgG elevated, you may feel completely normal.
Here’s a practical way to interpret common patterns:
Most consistent with:
past infection
immunity
usually not active
May suggest:
recent infection
infection in the last few weeks to months
Your doctor may recommend follow-up testing depending on symptoms and risk factors.
May suggest:
very recent infection before IgG has developed
This can require confirmation with repeat testing.
For most people, an elevated Parvovirus B19 IgG requires no treatment and no urgent action, especially if you feel well.
That said, you may want to consider next steps if any of the following apply:
Ask your clinician whether you should get:
Parvovirus B19 IgM
repeat titers in 1–2 weeks if there is concern for timing
additional monitoring if needed
Ask whether further testing is appropriate, such as:
complete blood count (CBC)
reticulocyte count
Parvovirus B19 IgM
Parvovirus B19 PCR (in select cases)
Your provider may consider PCR testing if there are signs of ongoing infection, especially with unexplained anemia.
No treatment is needed for elevated IgG itself, because IgG is a marker of immune response, not a condition to suppress.
Treatment is only considered if there is evidence of active infection causing clinical problems, such as:
severe anemia
persistent infection in immunocompromised patients
In those special situations, management may include targeted medical care under specialist guidance.
An elevated Parvovirus B19 IgG result usually means:
You were exposed to Parvovirus B19 in the past
Your immune system responded normally
You likely have some degree of immune protection
It does not automatically mean you are sick right now
If you are pregnant, immunocompromised, or experiencing unexplained anemia or persistent joint pain, it’s worth discussing follow-up testing with your clinician.
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No significant level of detectable Parvovirus B19 IgG antibody
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