Function:
Wheat proteins/peptides are commonly categorized as gluten and non-gluten. Non-gluten proteins alpha-amylase and serpin are a very small portion of wheat (2-4% and ~1.6% respectively). Non-gluten proteins are generally soluble in water or aqueous salt solutions and function as storage or enzyme proteins.
Associated With:
- Baker’s asthma
- Wheat allergy
- Chronic urticaria
- Eczema
- Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis
- IgA in Celiac disease
- IgG in Dermatitis herpetiformis
- Crohn’s disease
Known Cross-Reactions:
Alpha-amylase with gamma-gliadin and glutenin, serpin with glutamine rich gluten proteins
Clinical Significance:
Alpha-amylase and serpin can escape digestion and activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). Immune reactivity and clinical manifestations of non-gluten proteins are most often associated with hypersensitivities/allergies. IgG and IgA antibodies to non-gluten proteins may be present due to cross-reactivity between non-gluten and gluten proteins. Homology between g-gliadin and non-gluten proteins has been shown. Furthermore, wheat, barley, rye and corn belong to the same family of a-amylase inhibitors.
References:
1. Sander et al. Multiple wheat flour allergens and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants bind IgE in baker’s asthma. Allergy,
2011; 66(9):1208-1215.
2. Gomez et al. Members of the a-amylase inhibitors family from wheat endosperm are major allergens associated with baker’s
asthma. FEBS, 1990; 261(1):85-88.
3. Mameri et al. Molecular and immunological characterization of wheat Serpin (Tri a 33). Mol Nutr Food Res, 2012; 0:1-10.
4. Manawil et al. Baker’s respiratory allergy and specific wheat antibodies. J Appl Sci Res, 2013; 9(1):444-450.
5. Oyarzabal et al. Chronic urticaria due to allergy to wheat alpha-amylase inhibitor proteins. Case Rep Clin Med, 2016; 5:130-133.
6. Czaja-Bulsa and Bulsa. The natural history of IgE mediated wheat allergy in children with dominant gastrointestinal symptoms. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2014; 10:12.
7. Pastorello et al. Wheat IgE-mediated food allergy in European patients: a-amylase inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins and lowmolecular-weight glutenins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2007; 144:10-22.
8. Huebener et al. Specific nongluten proteins of wheat are novel target antigens in Celiac disease humoral response. J Proteome
Res, 2015; 14:503-511.
9. Vojdani and Vojdani. Gluten and non-gluten proteins of wheat as target antigens in autism, Crohn’s and Celiac disease. J Cereal
Sci, 2017; 75:252-260.
10. Takács et al. Immune-analytical detection of the cross-reactive major cereal allergens. Food Agricultural Immunol, 2010;
21(4):317-334.
11. Makharia et al. The overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a clinical dilemma. Nutrients,
2015; 7:10417-10426.
12. García-Olmedo et al. Plant proteinaceous inhibitors of proteinases and a-amylases. Oxford Surveys Plant Mol Cell Biol, 1987;
4:275-334.
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Alpha-amylase and serpin can escape digestion and activate toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). Immune reactivity and clinical manifestations of non-gluten proteins are most often associated with hypersensitivities/allergies. IgG and IgA antibodies to non-gluten proteins may be present due to cross-reactivity between non-gluten and gluten proteins. Homology between g-gliadin and non-gluten proteins has been shown. Furthermore, wheat, barley, rye and corn belong to the same family of a-amylase inhibitors.
The wheat tested is the full kernel containing the protein constituents of wheat. This includes what may be on or in the wheat kernel. These are gluten proteins, and non-gluten proteins (non-gluten proteins A and B and Wheat Germ Agglutinins). A positive result to wheat means that your digestive system is not absorbing these proteins well, therefore your immune system starts producing antibodies to gluten or non-gluten part(s) of wheat.
A high result for Non-Gluten Proteins A IgA in a wheat/gluten proteome reactivity and autoimmunity test suggests that your immune system is producing an elevated level of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in response to certain non-gluten proteins found in wheat. These proteins are different from the gluten proteins, which are usually the focus in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
The presence of these IgA antibodies could indicate a sensitivity or an immune response to these specific wheat proteins, which could contribute to various symptoms. It's important to note that this response does not necessarily mean you have celiac disease, as that condition is typically associated with antibodies to specific gluten proteins like transglutaminase 2, gliadin, and endomysium.
However, it could be a sign of a wheat-related disorder, such as Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity (NCWS) or another form of food sensitivity or allergy. NCWS can have symptoms similar to celiac disease but does not involve the autoimmune response to gluten that characterizes celiac disease.
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Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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Alpha-Gliadin-17-mer IgA, Alpha-Gliadin-17-mer IgG, Gamma-Gliadin-15-mer IgA, Gamma-Gliadin-15-mer IgG, Gliadin Toxic Peptides IgA, Gliadin Toxic Peptides IgG, Gliadin-Transglutaminase Complex IgA, Gliadin-Transglutaminase Complex IgG, Glutenin-21-mer IgA, Glutenin-21-mer IgG, Gluteomorphin+Prodynorphin IgA, Gluteomorphin+Prodynorphin IgG, Microbial Transglutaminase IgA, Microbial Transglutaminase IgG, Native + Deamidated Alpha-Gliadin-33-mer IgA, Native + Deamidated Alpha-Gliadin-33-mer IgG, Non-Gluten Proteins-A IgA, Non-Gluten Proteins-A IgG, Non-Gluten Proteins-B IgA, Non-Gluten Proteins-B IgG, Omega-Gliadin-17-mer IgA, Omega-Gliadin-17-mer IgG, Transglutaminase-2 IgA, Transglutaminase-2 IgG, Transglutaminase-3 IgA, Transglutaminase-3 IgG, Transglutaminase-6 IgA, Transglutaminase-6 IgG, Wheat Germ Agglutinin IgA, Wheat Germ Agglutinin IgG, Wheat IgA, Wheat IgG
