QUICK ANSWER
Escherichia coli (E. coli) in a urine culture means bacteria were found in your urine sample. The count (in CFU/mL) tells your doctor how much — and whether it requires treatment.
"Abnormal" on your report means E. coli was detected above the threshold your lab uses. It does not always mean you need antibiotics — your symptoms matter as much as the number.
| CFU/mL result | What it means | Typical next step |
|---|---|---|
| <10,000 CFU/mL | Below significance threshold — may be contamination from collection | Usually no treatment; repeat culture if symptomatic |
| 10,000–49,000 CFU/mL | Low-count bacteriuria — may be significant in symptomatic patients | Discuss with doctor; repeat culture often recommended |
| 50,000–99,000 CFU/mL | Intermediate count — clinically significant in symptomatic patients, especially women | Treatment usually recommended if symptoms present |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL (>10⁵ CFU/mL) | Significant bacteriuria — standard treatment threshold | Antibiotics typically prescribed; sensitivity results guide choice |
| "Abnormal" with no count listed | Lab flagged the result as outside normal; E. coli was detected | Review with doctor — count and sensitivity panel will be on the report |
Common questions at a glance:
| Question | Short answer |
|---|---|
| How bad is 100,000 CFU/mL E. coli? | This is the standard threshold for significant bacteriuria — it means a UTI is confirmed and antibiotics are usually needed |
| Is >100,000 CFU/mL E. coli always a UTI? | Usually yes if you have symptoms; asymptomatic bacteriuria may not require treatment in healthy non-pregnant adults |
| What does "Escherichia coli abnormal" mean? | E. coli was detected above the lab's threshold — it is flagged as abnormal because any significant E. coli in urine is not normal |
| How bad is 50,000 CFU/mL E. coli? | Moderately significant — typically requires treatment if you have UTI symptoms; less clear-cut than 100,000 |
| What does 10,000–49,000 CFU/mL mean? | Low-count — may be significant in symptomatic patients; sometimes represents contamination; repeat culture often recommended |
WHAT IS CFU/mL? — READING YOUR RESULT
CFU/mL stands for Colony-Forming Units per Milliliter. It is the standard unit for measuring bacterial growth in urine cultures.
| Notation | What it means |
|---|---|
| >100,000 CFU/mL | Greater than 100,000 colonies per milliliter |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Greater than or equal to 100,000 |
| 100,000 CFU/mL | Exactly at the threshold (same clinical meaning as ≥100,000) |
| ≥10⁵ CFU/mL | Scientific notation for 100,000 |
| 10^5 CFU/mL | Same as above — 10 to the power of 5 = 100,000 |
| 10E5 CFU/mL | Lab analyzer notation for 100,000 |
| Col/mL | Colonies per milliliter — same as CFU/mL |
| Org/mL | Organisms per milliliter — same concept |
| UFC/mL | Spanish notation — Unidades Formadoras de Colonias por mililitro |
| KBE/mL | German notation — Koloniebildende Einheiten pro Milliliter |
| Heavy growth (>100,000 CFU/mL) | Some labs report qualitatively rather than quantitatively |
| >100,000 CFU/mL Escherichia coliAbnormal | The "Abnormal" tag is the lab system flag — the organism and count are the clinically meaningful parts |
Why 100,000 CFU/mL? This threshold (≥10⁵ CFU/mL) was established in the 1950s by Kass et al. as the standard for distinguishing true bladder infection from urethral or collection contamination. It remains the most widely used cutoff, though current guidelines recognize that lower counts (≥10³–10⁴ CFU/mL) can be clinically significant in symptomatic patients, particularly women and catheterized patients.
YOUR SPECIFIC E. COLI COUNT — WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
| CFU/mL result | Interpretation | Is treatment usually needed? |
|---|---|---|
| 0 / No growth | No E. coli detected — negative culture | No |
| <10,000 CFU/mL | Below significance threshold — likely contamination from skin flora during collection | Usually not — repeat with proper clean-catch technique if symptomatic |
| 10,000–24,999 CFU/mL | Low-count bacteriuria — borderline | Depends on symptoms and patient context; often repeat culture |
| 25,000–49,999 CFU/mL | Low-to-moderate count — clinically significant in many symptomatic patients | Discuss with doctor; symptomatic women often treated |
| 50,000–99,000 CFU/mL | Moderate bacteriuria — generally clinically significant | Usually treated if symptomatic; some guidelines treat regardless |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Significant bacteriuria — standard threshold for UTI diagnosis | Yes — antibiotics typically prescribed |
| Very high (>500,000 CFU/mL) | Heavy bacterial load — established infection | Yes — treatment needed; sensitivity panel essential |
How bad is 100,000 CFU/mL E. coli? This is exactly the traditional threshold for significant bacteriuria. It means the culture grew enough colonies to confidently distinguish true infection from contamination. In a symptomatic patient (burning urination, frequency, pelvic discomfort), this confirms a UTI and antibiotics are standard treatment. In an asymptomatic person who had a routine culture, the decision to treat depends on clinical context — healthy non-pregnant adults with no symptoms may not require treatment.
How bad is 50,000 CFU/mL E. coli? 50,000 CFU/mL sits in the intermediate zone. In symptomatic women with classic UTI symptoms, most clinicians treat at this count. In asymptomatic patients or where collection technique may have been suboptimal, repeat culture may be preferred.
What does 10,000–49,000 CFU/mL mean? This count is below the traditional significance threshold but can still represent true infection in symptomatic patients — particularly women with uncomplicated UTI symptoms and pure E. coli growth. Many labs flag this as "low-count bacteriuria" and recommend clinical correlation. It also commonly reflects partial treatment of a prior UTI, or slight contamination from skin flora. A repeat culture with strict clean-catch technique clarifies the result.
WHAT DOES "ESCHERICHIA COLI ABNORMAL" MEAN?
When your HealthMatters dashboard or lab report shows "Escherichia coli — Abnormal" or "Escherichia coli Abnormal", this means:
E. coli was detected at a colony count your lab considers above its reporting threshold. This is not a separate test result — it is the same colony count result with a flag applied.
Why is any E. coli "abnormal"? The urinary tract should normally be sterile (bacteria-free). When E. coli appears in a properly collected urine sample at significant counts, it indicates the bacteria have colonized the bladder or urethra — which is not normal. Hence the "Abnormal" flag.
"Abnormal" does not automatically mean:
- You are seriously ill
- You need emergency care
- You have a kidney infection (that requires additional clinical assessment)
"Abnormal" does mean:
- E. coli was detected at a significant count
- The result should be reviewed with your doctor
- Your doctor will look at the sensitivity panel alongside the colony count to determine treatment
IS E. COLI IN URINE ALWAYS A UTI?
Not automatically. E. coli in urine culture has several possible interpretations depending on count, symptoms, and patient context:
| Scenario | Interpretation | Typical action |
|---|---|---|
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL + UTI symptoms (burning, frequency, urgency) | Confirmed UTI — treatment indicated | Antibiotics guided by sensitivity results |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL + no symptoms (healthy non-pregnant adult) | Asymptomatic bacteriuria — treatment usually NOT recommended | Monitor; repeat culture if symptoms develop |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL + no symptoms (pregnant) | Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy — treatment IS recommended | Antibiotics — untreated bacteriuria in pregnancy increases preterm birth risk |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL + no symptoms (before urologic surgery) | Treat before procedure | Antibiotics to reduce surgical infection risk |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL + upper urinary tract symptoms (fever, flank pain) | Possible pyelonephritis (kidney infection) | Urgent evaluation; IV or oral antibiotics depending on severity |
| 50,000–99,000 CFU/mL + symptoms | Clinically significant low-count bacteriuria | Treatment usually recommended; sensitivity panel guides choice |
| <10,000 CFU/mL | Likely contamination | Repeat with proper collection technique |
The symptoms rule: In symptomatic patients, even lower counts (≥10,000 CFU/mL of a single organism) can diagnose a UTI. The 100,000 threshold is primarily for asymptomatic screening and research purposes. If you have UTI symptoms and your count is 40,000–99,000 CFU/mL of E. coli, this is often treated.
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY — WHAT THE PANEL MEANS
Every positive urine culture includes an antibiotic sensitivity (susceptibility) panel — the list of antibiotics and whether your E. coli strain is Sensitive (S), Intermediate (I), or Resistant (R) to each one.
| Sensitivity result | Meaning | Clinical implication |
|---|---|---|
| S — Sensitive / Susceptible | The antibiotic is effective against this strain at standard doses | This antibiotic should work; preferred treatment option |
| I — Intermediate | May work at higher doses or in high-concentration sites (urine concentrates many antibiotics) | May be used for UTI even if intermediate; discuss with doctor |
| R — Resistant | The antibiotic is unlikely to work against this strain | Avoid this antibiotic; choose a sensitive option |
| ESBL (Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase) | E. coli strain produces an enzyme that destroys many common antibiotics | Requires specific antibiotic class (usually carbapenems or fosfomycin); specialist involvement often needed |
Most common antibiotic results and what they mean:
| Antibiotic on your panel | Common result | What it means |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) | Usually Sensitive | Generally an excellent first-line option for uncomplicated UTI; concentrates in urine; does not work well for kidney infections |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim / Septrin / Co-trimoxazole) | Increasingly Resistant in many areas | Resistance rates vary by region — 15–25% in many US communities; always check sensitivity before prescribing |
| Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) | Resistance increasingly common | Fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli is rising globally; guidelines now prefer other agents for uncomplicated UTI |
| Fosfomycin | Usually Sensitive | Useful single-dose option for uncomplicated UTI, particularly for resistant or ESBL strains |
| Amoxicillin / Amoxicillin-clavulanate | Variable — often Resistant for plain amoxicillin | E. coli resistance to plain amoxicillin is high; amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) may be effective |
| Cephalosporins (e.g., cephalexin) | Usually Sensitive (non-ESBL strains) | Often effective for non-ESBL E. coli; ESBL strains are resistant to most cephalosporins |
| ESBL Positive | Resistant to most penicillins and cephalosporins | Requires carbapenem, fosfomycin, or other targeted agent; specialist guidance recommended |
If Bactrim or ciprofloxacin shows resistant: This is increasingly common and not alarming — it means those particular antibiotics won't clear your infection, but sensitive alternatives (nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin) usually are available. Your doctor will prescribe based on the sensitive column of your panel.
Common first-line antibiotics for E. coli UTI: Nitrofurantoin (macrobid), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim/Septrin), fosfomycin, and certain cephalosporins — depending on local resistance patterns and sensitivity results. Your doctor will prescribe based on your specific sensitivity panel, not general guidelines alone.
What is ESBL E. coli? ESBL-producing E. coli is a strain resistant to many common antibiotics. It requires different antibiotic treatment than standard E. coli. ESBL E. coli in urine at significant counts always warrants clinical attention and specialist guidance.
HOW BAD IS MY EXACT E. COLI COUNT?
| Your result | Direct answer |
|---|---|
| <10,000 CFU/mL | Below significance threshold — likely collection contamination; repeat with clean-catch technique if symptomatic |
| 10,000 CFU/mL | Low-count bacteriuria — borderline; symptoms determine whether treatment is needed |
| 20,000–25,000 CFU/mL | Borderline — clinically significant in symptomatic women; repeat culture often recommended in asymptomatic patients |
| 30,000–40,000 CFU/mL | Low-moderate count — often treated in symptomatic patients; discuss with doctor |
| 50,000 CFU/mL | Intermediate threshold — most clinicians treat if UTI symptoms are present |
| 75,000 CFU/mL | Moderately significant — treatment usually recommended with symptoms |
| 80,000 CFU/mL | Above most intermediate thresholds — clinically significant in symptomatic patients |
| 100,000 CFU/mL | Standard UTI threshold (≥10⁵ CFU/mL) — confirms significant bacteriuria; antibiotics typically prescribed |
| 250,000–500,000 CFU/mL | Heavy growth — established infection; sensitivity panel essential for antibiotic selection |
| >500,000 CFU/mL | Very heavy bacterial load — significant infection; treatment required |
| >1,000,000 CFU/mL | Extremely heavy growth — substantial infection; prompt treatment needed |
Note on thresholds: The 100,000 CFU/mL cutoff is not absolute. In symptomatic women, counts as low as 10,000–50,000 CFU/mL of a single organism are clinically significant. Always interpret your count in the context of your symptoms and your doctor's assessment.
HOW WORRIED SHOULD I BE? — UTI SEVERITY GUIDE
| E. coli finding | Typical severity | What to do |
|---|---|---|
| E. coli ≥100,000 + burning urination + frequency + no fever | Simple bladder infection (uncomplicated cystitis) | See doctor for antibiotic prescription; not an emergency |
| E. coli ≥100,000 + blood in urine (pink/red urine) | Hemorrhagic cystitis — more inflammation but usually still uncomplicated | See doctor; usually treated the same as uncomplicated UTI |
| E. coli ≥100,000 + no symptoms (healthy, non-pregnant) | Asymptomatic bacteriuria — often does not require treatment | Discuss with doctor; may not need antibiotics |
| E. coli ≥100,000 + no symptoms + pregnant | Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy — always treated | Contact OB/midwife promptly |
| E. coli + fever above 38°C (100.4°F) | Possible upper tract involvement | See doctor same day — may indicate kidney infection |
| E. coli + flank or back pain + fever | Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) likely | Seek medical care urgently — more aggressive treatment needed |
| E. coli + fever + chills + confusion or severe illness | Possible urosepsis — medical emergency | Emergency care immediately |
| E. coli ESBL + any symptoms | Drug-resistant strain — standard antibiotics may not work | Prompt medical review; specialist guidance may be needed |
MOST COMMON CLINICAL SCENARIOS
| Pattern | Most likely interpretation |
|---|---|
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli + burning urination + frequency | Uncomplicated UTI — standard antibiotic course typically curative |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli + no symptoms + healthy adult | Asymptomatic bacteriuria — often not treated; monitor |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli + no symptoms + pregnant | Treat — asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy is treated to prevent complications |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli + fever + flank pain | Possible pyelonephritis — needs urgent evaluation; more aggressive treatment |
| 50,000–99,000 CFU/mL E. coli + UTI symptoms | Clinically significant — most clinicians treat; confirm with sensitivity panel |
| 10,000–49,000 CFU/mL E. coli + UTI symptoms | Low-count bacteriuria — may be significant; clinical decision; repeat culture often done |
| <10,000 CFU/mL E. coli | Likely contamination — repeat with proper clean-catch technique |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli + recurrence after treatment | Consider resistance or reinfection — culture with sensitivity essential |
| ≥100,000 CFU/mL E. coli ESBL | Drug-resistant strain — specialist guidance; standard first-line antibiotics likely ineffective |
| E. coli + another organism in same culture | May indicate contamination — single-organism cultures are more clinically reliable |
SYMPTOMS OF E. COLI UTI — WHAT TO WATCH FOR
E. coli UTIs present with classic lower urinary tract infection symptoms. Symptoms affecting the kidneys are more serious:
| Symptom | Location | What it suggests |
|---|---|---|
| Burning or stinging during urination (dysuria) | Bladder/urethra | Uncomplicated UTI (cystitis) |
| Frequent urge to urinate with little output | Bladder | Uncomplicated UTI |
| Cloudy, dark, or strong-smelling urine | Urine | UTI (bacterial breakdown products) |
| Pelvic pressure or discomfort (women) | Bladder | Uncomplicated UTI |
| Blood in urine (hematuria) | Bladder/urethra | Hemorrhagic cystitis — still usually uncomplicated |
| Fever above 38°C (100.4°F) | Systemic | Concern for kidney involvement (pyelonephritis) |
| Flank or back pain (one or both sides) | Kidney | Pyelonephritis — upper tract infection; more serious |
| Nausea or vomiting with urinary symptoms | Systemic | Concern for pyelonephritis or systemic infection |
| Confusion or altered mental status (elderly) | Systemic | UTI can present atypically in older adults |
When to seek urgent care: Fever + flank pain + positive urine culture is the classic pyelonephritis presentation and requires prompt medical evaluation. If you have a positive culture and develop fever, chills, or back/side pain, see a doctor the same day.
E. COLI UTI IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
| Population | Key considerations |
|---|---|
| Women (uncomplicated UTI) | Most common UTI presentation; 50–80% of UTIs caused by E. coli; short antibiotic course (3–7 days) usually curative |
| Men | UTIs less common in men under 50; E. coli UTI in men warrants evaluation for prostate involvement or structural abnormality |
| Pregnant women | Asymptomatic bacteriuria treated regardless of symptoms; untreated increases risk of pyelonephritis and preterm birth |
| Elderly | Higher rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria (does not always require treatment); UTI symptoms may be atypical (confusion, falls) |
| Catheterized patients | Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) — higher threshold for treatment; focus on removing catheter if possible |
| Recurrent UTI | Defined as ≥2 UTIs in 6 months or ≥3 in 12 months; preventive strategies and urology referral may be appropriate |
| Immunocompromised | Lower threshold for treatment; higher risk of serious complications |
| Diabetic patients | Higher risk of complicated UTI and pyelonephritis; may warrant longer treatment courses |
E. COLI + URINALYSIS — COMBINED INTERPRETATION
HealthMatters users often have both a urine culture result and urinalysis results in the same report. Interpreting them together gives a clearer picture than either alone:
| Urine culture | Urinalysis finding | Combined interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Positive nitrite | Strong confirmation of gram-negative UTI — nitrite is produced by E. coli metabolizing urinary nitrate; high specificity for true infection |
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Positive leukocyte esterase | Active white blood cell inflammation — confirms the body is responding to the bacteria; consistent with true UTI |
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Elevated WBCs in urine (pyuria) | True infection highly likely — pyuria plus positive culture is the strongest combined signal |
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | RBCs in urine (hematuria) | Hemorrhagic cystitis — bladder wall inflammation causing bleeding; usually still uncomplicated UTI |
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Protein in urine | May indicate kidney involvement or inflammatory response — discuss with doctor, particularly if protein is more than trace |
| E. coli ≥100,000 CFU/mL | Normal urinalysis (no WBCs, no nitrite, no LE) | Consider asymptomatic bacteriuria or possible contamination — discuss with doctor before starting antibiotics |
| E. coli low count (<50,000 CFU/mL) | Positive nitrite + positive leukocyte esterase | Urinalysis suggests true infection despite low count — symptoms and urinalysis together may justify treatment |
| E. coli low count (<50,000 CFU/mL) | Normal urinalysis | Likely contamination — repeat culture recommended before treating |
| No E. coli / negative culture | Positive leukocyte esterase + WBCs | UTI symptoms without positive culture — possible recent antibiotic use, very dilute urine, or non-bacterial cause; clinical evaluation needed |
Why this matters for HealthMatters users: A positive urine culture combined with positive nitrite + leukocyte esterase + WBCs in urine is triple confirmation of a UTI. A positive culture with a completely normal urinalysis — no WBCs, no nitrite, no LE — suggests either asymptomatic bacteriuria (often not treated) or a contaminated sample.
HOW FAST WILL ANTIBIOTICS WORK FOR E. COLI UTI?
One of the most common questions after starting UTI treatment:
| Time after starting antibiotics | Expected change |
|---|---|
| 12–24 hours | Symptoms often begin to improve — burning and urgency usually start to ease |
| 24–48 hours | Most patients notice significant improvement in frequency and discomfort |
| 48–72 hours | Major symptom relief in uncomplicated UTI — most burning and urgency should be substantially reduced |
| 3–5 days | Uncomplicated UTI symptoms usually fully resolved |
| 7 days | Most uncomplicated UTI courses complete; urine culture should clear |
| No improvement by 48–72 hours | Contact your doctor — may indicate resistance, wrong antibiotic, or deeper infection |
| Symptoms return within 2 weeks | Possible treatment failure or reinfection — repeat culture needed |
Important: Feeling better does not mean you should stop antibiotics early. Completing the full course prevents incomplete eradication of bacteria and reduces antibiotic resistance. If symptoms persist or worsen after 48–72 hours of treatment, contact your doctor — this may indicate your E. coli strain is resistant to the prescribed antibiotic.
WHY DOES E. COLI KEEP COMING BACK? — RECURRENT UTI
Recurrent UTI is defined as 2 or more UTIs within 6 months, or 3 or more within 12 months. E. coli is the most common organism in recurrent UTIs. Understanding the mechanism helps prevent future infections:
| Cause | Mechanism | What helps |
|---|---|---|
| Reinfection (new infection) | New E. coli from the perineal area re-colonizes the bladder after the previous episode cleared | Hygiene measures, post-coital voiding, hydration |
| Incomplete eradication | Previous antibiotic course did not fully clear the bacteria — often due to resistance or stopping antibiotics early | Full antibiotic course; sensitivity-guided treatment |
| Sexual activity | Mechanical introduction of bacteria into the urethra | Post-coital urination; discuss prophylactic antibiotics with doctor if recurrent |
| Menopause / low estrogen | Estrogen deficiency alters vaginal flora, reducing protective lactobacilli | Vaginal estrogen cream (discuss with doctor); preventive measures |
| Urinary retention / incomplete bladder emptying | Residual urine creates a bacterial growth environment | Treat underlying cause; ensure complete voiding |
| Kidney stones or structural abnormalities | Stones harbor bacteria; structural issues prevent complete bladder emptying | Urology evaluation |
| Diabetes | High glucose in urine feeds bacterial growth; impaired immune response | Optimizing glucose control |
| Urinary catheter | Foreign body provides bacterial colonization surface | Remove catheter when possible; catheter care protocols |
| Antibiotic resistance | E. coli develops resistance, making repeat treatment harder | Culture-guided treatment every episode; avoid unnecessary antibiotic use |
When to see a specialist: Recurrent E. coli UTIs — particularly in men, in patients under 50, or with unusual patterns — warrant urologic evaluation to rule out structural abnormalities, kidney stones, or prostate issues. Women with recurrent uncomplicated UTIs may benefit from a urology or urogynecology referral for preventive strategies.
WHAT IS ESCHERICHIA COLI? — FOR CONTEXT
Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium that normally lives in the lower gastrointestinal tract. It is the most common cause of UTIs — responsible for approximately 80–85% of uncomplicated community-acquired UTIs. It reaches the bladder by ascending from the perineal area through the urethra, which is anatomically shorter in women — explaining the higher UTI incidence in women.
E. coli strains causing UTI are not the same as the food-borne E. coli strains that cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal illness (such as E. coli O157:H7). Urinary E. coli is a common, treatable infection — not a dangerous food poisoning event.
Escherichia coli
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Frequently Asked Questions
How bad is 100,000 CFU/mL Escherichia coli?
What does >100,000 CFU/mL Escherichia coli abnormal mean?
How bad is 50,000 CFU/mL Escherichia coli?
What does 10,000–49,000 CFU/mL Escherichia coli mean?
What does "Escherichia coli en un urocultivo" mean? (Spanish — ¿Qué significa Escherichia coli en un urocultivo?)
Is Escherichia coli in urine always a UTI?
What is the normal range for E. coli in urine?
What does ESBL Escherichia coli in urine mean?
What causes E. coli in urine?
Do I need antibiotics for E. coli in urine?
All our content is backed by peer-reviewed studies, academic research, and trusted medical sources. We’re committed to accuracy and transparency — see our editorial policy for details.
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International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
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Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
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Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs