The CD19 antigen (aka B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 or Cluster of Differentiation 19) plays an important role in clinical oncology. It’s a protein found on the surface of B-cells, a type of white blood cell.
Since CD19 is a hallmark of B-cells, the protein has been used to diagnose cancers that arise from this type of cell - notably B-cell lymphomas. CD19 has also been implicated in autoimmune diseases and may be a useful treatment target. CD19 is also expressed in a subset of acute myelogenous leukemias (=a cancer of the blood and bone marrow) indicating the close relationship between the lymphoid and myeloid lineages.
CD19 is present on B cells from earliest recognizable B-lineage cells during development to B-cell blasts but is lost on maturation to plasma cells. It primarily acts as a B cell co-receptor in conjunction with CD21 and CD81.
Quick notes:
- CD19 is one of the most reliable surface biomarkers for B lymphocytes. Its expression in mature B cell are 3-fold higher than that in immature B cells
- CD19 count may be useful to screen for B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (=conditions where lymphocytes are produced in excessive quantities.)
- CD19 is a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that develop from lymphocytes
- CD19 plays a large role in regulating B-cell growth.
- CD19 is a biomarker for normal and neoplastic B cells, as well as follicular dendritic cells.
- CD19 is a cell surface protein member of the large immunoglobulin family that complexes with CD21, CD81, and CD225 in the membrane of mature B-cells.
What are B-cells?
A B-cell is a type of white blood cell and, specifically, a type of lymphocyte.
Many B cells mature into what are called plasma cells that produce antibodies (proteins) necessary to fight off infections while other B cells mature into memory B cells.
B-cells fight bacteria and viruses by making Y-shaped proteins called antibodies, which are specific to each pathogen and are able to lock onto the surface of an invading cell and mark it for destruction by other immune cells. B-lymphocytes and cancer have what may be described as a love-hate relationship. For example, B-cells sometimes inhibit tumor development by producing antibodies that may attack cancer cells or oncogenic viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), which is responsible for most cervical, anal, penile and other reproductive cancers. Other times, regulatory B-cells may release immune-suppressive cytokines that stifle an anti-tumor response. Also, B-cells are far more likely than T-cells to mutate into a liquid cancer such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or B-cell lymphoma.
CD19 is expressed by normal and neoplastic (=cancerous) B cells but is not expressed by T cells, monocytes, or granulocytes. CD19 protein appears early during B-cell maturation and is found during all stages of B-cell maturation, including plasma cells. CD19 is useful as an additional marker of B cell lineage in leukemias and lymphomas. Expression of CD19 may be seen in some acute myeloid leukemias.
Physiological function of CD19:
- CD19 is critically involved in establishing intrinsic B cell signaling thresholds through modulating both B cell receptor (=BCR)-dependent and independent signaling.
- It plays roles in the antigen-independent development as well as the immunoglobulin-induced activation of B cells. CD19 is thus critical for the body to mount an optimal immune response.
- CD19 works in complex with the BCR and other surface molecules to allow both direct and indirect recruitment and binding of various down-stream protein kinases.
References:
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520838/
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Elevated CD19 is seen in B cell lymphomas and in autoimmune diseases.
Since CD19 is a marker of B cells, the protein has been used to diagnose cancers that arise from this type of cell - notably:
- B cell lymphomas. The B-cell lymphomas are types of lymphoma affecting B cells. Lymphomas are "blood cancers" in the lymph nodes.
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts from white blood cells (called lymphocytes) in the bone marrow.
The majority of B cell malignancies express normal to high levels of CD19.
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- CD19 levels can potentially be useful as a diagnostic tool in distinguishing certain lymphoma subtypes. Follicular lymphoma, for example, has a lower CD19 level more frequently than any other lymphoma subtypes.
- Could be due to CD19 deficiency = humoral immunodeficiency. Very rare. [L]
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A decreased level of % CD19+ B cells in the blood can indicate potential issues with the immune system and may have various implications. CD19+ B cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a fundamental role in the immune system's ability to respond to infections and produce antibodies. When the percentage of CD19+ B cells is lower than normal, it can suggest several underlying factors or conditions, including:
Immunodeficiency Disorders: Certain inherited or acquired immunodeficiency disorders can lead to reduced B cell numbers, compromising the immune system's ability to produce antibodies and fight infections effectively.
Medications: Some medications, such as immunosuppressants used to treat autoimmune diseases or prevent organ transplant rejection, can suppress B cell activity and lower their counts.
Autoimmune Disorders: Autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues, can sometimes affect B cell populations.
Bone Marrow Disorders: Conditions affecting the bone marrow, where B cells are produced, can impact B cell levels.
Certain Infections: Chronic viral infections, such as HIV, may affect B cell numbers and function over time.
Aging: Natural aging can lead to a decrease in B cell counts, as part of the normal aging process.
A healthcare provider will typically assess a decreased % CD19+ B cell level in the context of a patient's medical history, symptoms, and other laboratory results to determine the underlying cause. Additional diagnostic tests and consultation may be necessary to pinpoint the exact reason for the decrease and to decide on the appropriate treatment or management if needed. Maintaining a balanced and functional B cell population is crucial for the body's immune defense mechanisms and the production of antibodies that protect against infections.
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What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
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As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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% CD19 (B Cells), % CD3 (Mature T Cells), % CD3+CD25+ Lymphs, % CD4, % CD8, Abs.CD3+CD25+ Lymphs, Absolute CD19+ Cells, Absolute CD3+ Cells, Absolute CD4+ Cells, Absolute CD45 Count, Absolute CD8+ Cells, Absolute Lymphocytes, Absolute T-Suppressor Cells, Activated CD21 low CD38- %, Activated CD21 low CD38- Abs, CD20+ %, CD20, Abs Count, CD3-/CD16+CD56+ (%), CD3-/CD16+CD56+ (Absolute), CD4/CD8 Ratio, CD57+ NK-cells (%), CD57+ NK-cells (absolute), Class-switched CD27+IgD-IgM- %, Class-switched CD27+IgD-IgM- Abs, Lymph CD16&56 (NK) %, Lymphocyte Absolute CD16&56 (NK) Count, NATURAL KILLER CELLS CD3-CD16+CD56+ (ABS), NK Cells (CD16/CD56), Non switched CD27+IgD+IgM+ %, Non switched CD27+IgD+IgM+ Abs, Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- %, Plasmablasts CD38+IgM- Abs, T-Helper/Suppressor Ratio, Total Memory CD27+ %, Total Memory CD27+ Abs, Total NK Cells (CD16/CD56), Transitional CD38+IgM+ %, Transitional CD38+IgM+ Abs
