2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.

A moderate increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites in urine may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or deficiencies of the vitamins, thiamine or lipoic acid. A significant increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites is associated with the genetic disorders, maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Patients with slight to moderate elevations may use dietary supplements containing thiamine to improve clinical symptoms.

2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. 

2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. 

2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. 

DDT, a persistent organic pollutant once commonly used as a pesticide for controlling malaria and typhus, metabolizes in humans to produce 2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA), the primary urinary metabolite and potential exposure biomarker. DDT readily adsorbs to soils and sediments, which can serve as both sinks and long-term sources of exposure. As an endocrine disruptor, DDT poses significant health risks, potentially disrupting semen quality, menstruation, gestational length, and lactation duration, and accumulating in lipid-rich areas of the body, affecting reproductive capabilities and fetal development. It is also likely a human carcinogen, particularly linked to breast cancer. DDE, another DDT metabolite, is excreted as DDA in the urine. Humans can absorb DDT through inhalation of gaseous and particulate phases, direct dermal contact, ingestion of contaminated substances, and exposure to contaminated soil or products. To detoxify, sweating induced by infrared and steam sauna sessions can help eliminate DDT from the body by excreting it through the skin.

2,3-dinor-11β-Prostaglandin F2α (urine) is a stable downstream metabolite of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)—a mast-cell–derived lipid mediator—measured in spot or 24-hour urine (typically by LC-MS/MS and normalized to creatinine) to provide a noninvasive index of in-vivo PGD2 production and mast-cell activation. Elevated values, interpreted against the lab’s own reference range, can support conditions with mediator release such as mast cell activation syndrome or systemic mastocytosis, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, aspirin/NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease, atopic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic spontaneous urticaria; however, it is a supportive—not standalone—marker and should be correlated with symptoms and companion tests (e.g., serum tryptase—including event-related rise of baseline +20%+2 ng/mL—urinary N-methylhistamine, and urinary leukotriene E4). Results are time-sensitive to flares (collect as close to symptoms as possible), and medications can shift levels: NSAIDs/COX-2 inhibitors often suppress prostaglandin synthesis; corticosteroids and mast-cell stabilizers may lower levels over time; biologics and leukotriene modifiers can alter patterns. Normal results do not exclude mast-cell activation due to intermittent release; very low levels may reflect COX inhibition or effective therapy. For trending, use the same lab/method, verify units (e.g., pg/mg creatinine), and document a baseline and flare sample when feasible.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) is a very common herbicide that was a part of Agent Orange, which was used by the U.S. in the Vietnam War. It is most commonly used in agriculture on genetically modified foods, and as a weed killer for lawns. Exposure to 2, 4-D via skin or oral ingestion is associated with neuritis, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, stupor, seizures, brain damage, and impaired reflexes. 2, 4-D is a known endocrine disruptor, and can block hormone distribution and cause glandular breakdown.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, commonly applied in agriculture and landscaping. Exposure to this chemical—especially at chronic low levels—has been linked to potential health concerns, including endocrine disruption, reproductive and developmental effects, and an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

While the metabolism of 2,4-D in humans is not well-characterized, studies in animals show that it undergoes conjugation processes such as glucuronidation and sulfation. These metabolic pathways help transform 2,4-D into more water-soluble forms that are ultimately excreted in the urine.

An optimal 2/16α ratio falls between 2 and 4. Ratios below 2 may suggest an increased risk of breast cancer, though this concern is less significant when overall estrogen levels are low. Supporting estrogen metabolism toward 2-OH E1 with targeted nutrients may be beneficial in such cases. Ratios above 4, particularly when 16α-OH E1 levels are low, may indicate an elevated risk of osteopenia.

20a-Dihydroprogesterone (20a-DHP), also known as 20a-hydroxyprogesterone (20a-OHP), is a naturally occurring, endogenous progestogen. It is a metabolite of progesterone, formed by the 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (20a-HSDs). 20a-DHP can be transformed back into progesterone by 20a-HSDs. 20a-DHP has very low affinity for the progesterone receptor and is much less potent as a progestogen in comparison to progesterone.

3a- and 20a- dihydroprogesterone, have tumor-inhibitory properties in breast cancer.

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH*:
*This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

- Addison’s Disease
- Adrenal Autoimmunity
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Atrophic Gastritis
- Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Graves’ Disease
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- Vitiligo